Opportunity #6 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Opportunity #6 - Assignment Example This positioning would allow carbon atoms binding together for formation of molecules that may not be easy to construct, with different reactions or circumstances.(Helmenstine, 2010) The reactions, thus made possible by these scientists have opened the gates of science to create complex chemical substances, which may be seen as creation of nature, otherwise. The principals of carbon-based organic chemistry are responsible for the exciting natural phenomenon, which forms the basis of life. This includes, colors in flowers, snake poisoning, among others. Taking cue from nature’s chemistry, human-kind has tried to perform chemical reactions, which use the potential of carbon for providing the basis for creating functional molecules. Such development in chemistry has given mankind new medicines and revolutionary materials, like plastics. For creating such complex reactions, scientists require the ability to join the carbon atoms together. However, carbon being stable, the carbon atoms do not react with each other easily, as their stable nature does not allow them to do so, under normal circumstances. Accordingly, several methods were tried for binding the carbon atoms together, which included techniques that could make carbon more active. The test tube reactions, conducted for this purpose, could develop simpler molecules. However, for creating complex carbon molecules, the scientists’ synthesis processes towards the same, gave several unwanted by-products. Therefore, the winning reactions of the three Nobel Prize winners solved this problem, as palladium-catalyzed cross coupling provided an efficient tool for getting the precise results. The basis of this reaction is the meeting of carbon atoms on a palladium atom, which brings them closer to each other, for starting the required chemical reaction. While palladium-catalyzed cross coupling reactions find extensive use for many industries, their advantages for the electronics industry is the most

Analysis of Salient Macroeconomic Parameters of India Assignment

Analysis of Salient Macroeconomic Parameters of India - Assignment Example In PPP terms, it is quite evident from the above figures that the economy of India is growing at the average rate of 9 percent, which is certainly a good feat in the wake of liberalization and globalization process undertaken during the 1990s. The inflation rate has been growing steadily since the year 2005. Rapid economic growth in India has brought the perils of high inflation rate which was estimated at 10.9 and 12 percent in the year 2009 and 2010 respectively; however, in the year 2011 due to appropriate monetary policy by the Central Bank, it has reduced to 6.8 percent. The high inflation rate in India is causing great inconvenience to the people. (Inflation rate 2011) As per the report released by the Labor Ministry in October 2011, the unemployment rate in India was estimated at 9.4 percent during the fiscal 2010-11 which is certainly a matter of great concern. The government was confident of creating 58 million additional jobs by the end of 11the five-year-plan in 2012. Though India has been agrarian economy until the turn of this century in last one decade things have changed drastically as a contribution from services in the country's GDP has reached to almost 59 percent by the year 2010. (The government 2012) In its report of May 3, 2011, the Reserve Bank (Central Bank) specified that the Global economy was in an uncertain state. Inflation was the nagging issue on the domestic front due to high food prices. The policy document clearly specified that the goal of monetary policy was to nail the supply-side inflation. High inflation causes investment uncertainty. The policy document spelt out the necessity to bring down the inflation even at the cost of growth. Accordingly, Central Bank revised the interest rates upwards and raised the repo rates. Even CRR was often revised to take the excess money out of the market. That really helped to cool down the economy and brought the inflation rate at a moderate level. Thus, Central Bank keeps a strong vigil to control inflation and unemployment rate through its effective monetary measures. (Monetary Policy Statement, 2011)

Toxoplasma Gondi Infection in Mice Essay Example for Free

Toxoplasma Gondi Infection in Mice Essay GI (Gastro-Intestinal) inflammation from Toxoplasma gondii and wheat glutens contribute to schizophrenia, autism and bipolar disorder. It has been suggested that GI inflammation, allows natural microbiota and neuroactive exorphins to enter the blood steam, cross the blood brain barrier and attach to the opioid receptors. In this study exposure to Toxoplasma gondii increased anti-gluten IgG in all the mice who were inoculated. The mice were infected in three different ways, IP (injection into the peritoneal cavity), PO (fed food inoculated with the pathogen) and prenatally (injected). When the female mice were Infected IP, they were more likely to die than males. The mock group of females injected IP, had an increased gluten IgGs, while the males did not. The female immune system responded to stress. When both male and female mice received the pathogen PO, females displayed a larger anti-gluten response. When the females were injected prenatally, the offspring produced, were seropositive to T. gondii and displayed increased gluten IgG levels. Clq levels of the offspring were also elevated (Clq plays a role in synaptic pruning). I picked an article from PLOS (Public Library of Science),created by Dr.  Patrick Brown, a biochemist at Stanford University and Dr. Michael Eisen, a computational biologist at UC Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. They wanted to speed up progress in science and medicine by creating a nonprofit-open access, to scientific journals and literature under an open content license called the Creative Commons â€Å"attribution† license. This allowed any person to reproduce and distribute information from the website. This allows all people to learn/share knowledge, repeat tests and add more information to current studies. This site is peer reviewed and respected as a reliable source of information. My article has many authors and sources, but in order to keep my critique to two pages I picked the first three people on the works cited. Dr. Emily Severance, received her B. S. in Zoology in 1983. She received her Ph. D. from the University of South Florida and did a postdoctoral fellowship at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (It was ranked the 13th in the nation in 2013) where she studied neurological disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. She is currently an Assistant Professor in the Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology. Her research is well documented and her publications continue to grow. I feel that she has extensive education and experience in this field of study and see her as being well qualified. Geetha Kannan was the second person cited and there was not much information on her. She was an undergraduate at Johns Hopkins at the time this article was published and she has been a research assistant in at least one other study, Gene-environment interactions influence psychiatric disorders, headed by Mikhail V. Pletnikov , M. D. , Ph. D. She was an assistant and therefore I did not consider her to be a qualified source. Thirdly, is Kristin L Gressitt. Attended Salisbury University and received a B. A. in microbiology, before going to Johns Hopkins, where she is currently working as a research specialist. As a research specialist, Kristin’s job is to work under the project manager, performing administrative and operational duties. This is often a junior level position for students, or recent graduates. I can only assume that Kristin is competent, due to the fact that she has been employed at Johns Hopkins for the last three years and has contributed to four published studies. The major purpose of this research was to prove that co-associations between T. gondii and antibodies to wheat gluten cause an inflammatory immune response that in return, result in neuropsychiatric diseases. During my research one bias that I encountered was, the website that published this research project, makes its income by charging publishing fees. This could cause a conflict of interests. Another bias was the lack of data concerning the high mortality of female mice from IP injections. There were no post mortem toxicology or cytology reports. I think that the target audience was set by the website. Since it is established as scholarly, this increases the likely hood that science and medical students will use this website for research. The scholarly reputation will also draw in practicing researchers, doctors and scientists who want to reference the peer reviewed articles and journals. Since this website is full access, you can get the latest findings more timely than most of the conventional research sites. The articles presentation was professional. Bold letters stated the topic and the Abstract really pulled me in, however I do feel that the numerical findings could have been omitted from this paragraph to avoid redundancy. All the materials and methods were well documented. The same testing materials and techniques were used throughout the duration of the study. Graphs were used and it was easy to discriminate which text went to each graph. The introduction, analyses, results and discussion were very easy to follow and understand. As far as I can discern, the scientific method was followed.

Female Empowerment In The Developing Countries Sociology Essay

Female Empowerment In The Developing Countries Sociology Essay Over the years, the issues of gender inequality and female empowerment in the developing countries and Sub-Saharan Africa in particular have been a call for concern by local, national, Sub-regional, regional and international Institutions and governments per se to promote development. Unlike women in the developed counties who are, in relative terms economically empowered and have a powerful voice that demands an audience, and positive action, women in the developing countries have been generally silent and their voices have been stifled by economic and cultural factors. In Sub-Saharan Africa, economic and cultural factors, coupled with institutional factors dictate gender based division of labor, rights, responsibilities, opportunities and access to and control over resources. However, literacy, education, employment, access to media as well as decision making are some of the most disputed areas of gender disparity and female empowerment in SSA. (UNDP 2005) However, this project is focus to analyze why the process of gender and female empowerment is lower than expected in SSA. Therefore, to have a flexible understanding of the analyzes, the project would analyze the issues of gender and empowerment in SSA and to give attention to some country statics and analyses on gender variations in urban and rural milieus. To have a balanced presentation of the analyses, the project would make use of the modernization and inequality theory to argue the facts. Recent studies indicate that women in the developing countries and SSA in particular, lack enough access to productive resources such as land, education, employment, health services, decision making, basic human rights and harmful traditional indicators are some of the socio-economic marginalization of women in these societies. Analyzes Gender and education: In 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Right acknowledged that everyone has the right to go to school (UDHR article 26), but yet educational inequality is still a major violation of rights of women and girls and an important barrier to social, economic and personal development in SSA. Since then, a number of treaties and declarations have been adopted to turn these aspirations into reality, but nevertheless discrimination on female education remains pervasive in most societies of SSA. (UNESCO 2003) According to DFID (2006), in Sub-Saharan Africa, the highest numbers of out of school girls are in Ethiopia, Ghana, Nigeria and Mozambique. Considering the case of Mozambique in SSA, gender disparity in primary, secondary and especially tertiary education continuously persist despite government and international stipulations. Following a CIA 2006 report Mozambique has a population of 19.7million and 800,000 square km. and as one of the largest poor countries in southern Africa, faces a set of unique development challenges such as physical and social-cultural infrastructure and effective local administration is far lacking behind. (CIA 2006) A UNDP (2004) report also points out that 32 percent of the population is 6-18 years of age with annual population growth rate of 2.3 percent and child mortality rate is 152 per 1000 and most Mozambicans are not expected to survive more than 40 years of age due to HIV/AIDS, malaria, and extreme poverty which girls and women are the most vulnerable. Following a similar view, primary education is compulsory and free, but yet parents are unable to afford school needs for kids such as school uniforms, books, shoes and other related materials, because of poverty and other traditional influences and the obvious result is drop out from school and the most affected are girls. (UNDP 2004) Generally, gender gap in access to education pronounces more in the secondary and tertiary levels in the developing countries and SSA in particular than in primary level. In an article of UNFPA (2005), based on 2001/2002 millennium indicator data base of United Nations, the ratio of female enrollment in the secondary school per 100 boys is 46 in Benin, 57 in Equatorial Guinea, 60 in Cambodia, 62 in Djibouti and 65 in Burkina Faso. The report therefore indicate that disparity in education increases at higher level of studies in most developing countries of SSA (UNFPA 2005) Although the problem of gender disparity in education have been affected by poverty and traditional upheavals, the government and International Institutions have taken drastic measures to ensure a balance in education on both sexes in most developing societies and communities (SSA). Yet there is still a grand difference between rural and urban enrollment in most of this societies. However, the issue of gender inequality remains a fact in educational sector though might equate as time elapses in SSA. Gender and employment: One of the areas where there is high gender disparity between males and female in SSA is at the employment status which is manifested at occupational segregation, gender based-wage gaps, women ´s misappropriate representation in the informal employment, unpaid jobs and higher unemployment ratio (UNDP 2005) if development is not engendered it is endangered (ibid) This means that the fact that women are under-represented in the formal sector hampers development since traditional Muslim women and rural African women are mostly engaged in domestic unpaid jobs. As women in Sub-Saharan Africa have low status in the community, the activities they perform tend to be less valued and that explains why women ´s low status is perpetrated by their low status activities (ibid). Almost everywhere women are worst paid than men in the same work done(Hedman 1996 p; 19) In-depth analyses on women employment status by Hindin (2005) showed that only 17% women in Zimbabwe, 12% in Zambia and 4% in Malawi are employed at higher status paid jobs meanwhile the respective percentages of women whose partners have higher status jobs are 52, 43 and 53 percentages (Hindin 2005, p; 121) Women are overrepresented in the informal sector in the developing countries especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. The 2009 World Economic Forum Gender Gap Report holds that women in SSA have very difficult working conditions and even harsh particularly in countries with higher informal sectors. These women have undefined work places, unsafe and unhealthy working conditions and often low level of skills and productivity. They receive low or irregular incomes; have long working hours, lack access to information, market, finance training and technology. According to the same report, rural African women are the most affected by this situation, about 85 % in Somalia, 70 % in Gambia and 90 % in Zimbabwe respectively. (WEFGGR 2009) Following a BBC world news report 2005, rural African women do not have access to media to get more information on market situation and world trends since most of them are illiterates, poor and local farmers. According to this report, less than 2% of rural Sub-Saharan African women read newspaper and women are disadvantaged with regard to women access to watch television. The report indicated that in the year 2000, among girls and women aged 6-49, only 3.6% and 6.9% had access to television in Malawi and Rwanda respectively. (BBC world news report 2005) Employment gender segregation is mostly found in rural areas than urban cities in developing countries. Take for instance in Cameroon in SSA, employment gender related issue are lower in big cities such as Yaoundà ©, Douala, Baffoussam, Ebolowa, Bamenda and many other major cities than in rural outskirt villages where the main source of employment is farming. Here women do the bulk of the job though informal but are relegated at the background because of traditional beliefs. Local farming is the main source of employment, but yet traditional norms do not give women access to landownership, credit accounts and a complicated inheritance tradition is practiced. (Cameroon tribune 2004) Gender and Decision making: The fact that Sub-Saharan African women have low access to education, employment chances and couple with limited media access and other cultural upheavals minimizes their decision making power in general and in the household as well. (UNDP 2005) No society treat it women the same as men (ibid). Regarding decision making at household level, local level, community level, and national level of women in Africa, though parliamentary representation has lightly increase, no country in the world has reach gender parity level in decision making.(ibid). According to data obtain from the millennium development indicator of the United Nations; cited in UNPFA (2005) women represent 16% of world parliamentary seats, 21% in the developed world, and 14% in the developing countries. This minimal parliamentary representation of women could be due, among other issues, different electoral systems in different countries, women ´s socio-economic status, socio-cultural status, traditional and other cultu ral beliefs of women ´s place in the family and society and of course women ´s double burden of work and responsibilities. (UNFPA 2005) Women ´s low decision power, particularly in SSA, is more pronounced at the rural than urban localities as well as in house hold decisions making. According to a survey carried out by Emmanuel Vasty (1993) about 50% of women in the Northern Muslim region of Nigeria stated that they cannot freely purchase children ´s clothing without the full decision of their husband nor carry a child to the hospital without the authorization of their husbands. This they claim is according to Muslim tradition and beliefs that a man is superior in every aspect and therefore they have to succumb to men ´s orders. (Emmanuel, 1993 p; 74) Similarly, data of low decision power making is seen in the analyzes of Hindin (2005) in join SSA countries such as Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Malawi, Somalia and Cameroon. According to Hindin analyzes, rural women are the most low powered than urban women in these conutries. In the rural villages where strong traditional beliefs prevail and are in favor of men, men are more likely to have a final say over women ´s own health care, large household purchases, visiting relatives, what food to cook as well as the number of kids to bear and when to have this children. Most of these decisions are jointly made in urban households since most of the females are well exposed and educated therefore participate in household decision making. (Hindin 2005, p; 164) Gender and poverty: According to IFAD (2005) it is asserted that there is feminization of poverty in gender especially in SSA and mostly in local outskirt villages and around urban slumps. That generally, poverty among women is rising faster than poverty among men. Following the same IFAD survey report, the poverty level of women living in the rural areas and urban slumps increased to 48% in 1965-70 and in the mid 1980s, by comparison, the numbers of poor men were 30% within the same period. poverty has a woman ´s face-of 1.3 billion people living in poverty, 70% are women (ibid) This clearly indicate that women are the most vulnerable in extreme situations like war, disease, widowhood, poor inheritance rights, ownership of resources, and other traditional and cultural factors contribute to the high rate of female poverty level. (IFAD 2005) Gender subordination does not arise out of poverty per se, though a strong association is often made between gender and poverty, women are said to form the majority of the poor according to UNDP (2004 p; 7) This means that Sub-Saharan African women despite the gender fight to reduce poverty are still subjected to poverty because of their subordinated position in the society. Developing women especially in SSA are not yet free because of strong traditional attachment and the fact that they are relegated at a private influence keep them dependant to their partners.(UNDP, 2004, p; 7) According to Kabeer (1996) traditional subordination is the key factor of poverty among girls and women in the following developing African countries Ethiopia, Somalia, Burundi, Rwanda, Nigeria, Burkina Faso and Chad. Kabeer argue that because these countries are both made up of Muslims and Christians, women and girls in the Muslim sector of the countries are bound to be affected by poverty because of strict Muslim customs and traditions. The main source of income is by pastoral normadism in rural areas wondering from place to place in search of greener pastures for cattles. These local nomads have to move along with their wives and kids which indicate that steady education is not secured for the girls and other children and the wife depends soly on the sale of cattles for sustenance and decision on sales is carried out by the man. Therefore, the wife and kids stay poor and voiceless at the background. (Kabeer 1996, p; 89) Kabeer in his analyzes further argue that rural women in developing countries especially in SSA are always affected by poverty because they are mostly engaged in non income paying jobs at the private spheres and in the household while measure financial decisions and income jobs are done by the men. In a typical traditional African setting women stay at home to take care of kids, prepare food, clean up the house, do laundry, and other domestic unpaid jobs. Meanwhile men go out there in search of income paid jobs and according to traditional beliefs a good wife is one who is not carelessly seen in public. That is why women are dumfounded with poverty and take whatever men give to them without much argument. However, some households have realized that it is necessary for women to be educated and have a job that would reduce the burden on men and relief women from poverty. (ibid) Gender and Health: Gender gaps are also persistent in health status in access to health services and health outcomes (World Bank 1993, cited in WHO 1995, p; 21) This means that the issue of gender inequality, poverty and female empowerment needs to be addressed in health status reforms in Sub-Saharan Africa and especially in the interior villages where there are little or no health services and women are badly affected during pregnancy to birth. In conformity with the same survey carried out by WHO in 1990, rural masses in SSA, over 36% of healthy lives are lost by adult women age 15-44 was caused by reproductive health problems especially maternity related causes and sexually transmitted diseases (STD) compared to only 12% for men. There is therefore a clear indication that women are more vulnerable to sexually transmitted diseases and complicated health issues especially during delivery. Following the same survey, an additional 5% of healthy life lost by women caused by domestic violence and rape. (W HO 1995, p; 21) It is certain that the gap between the health status of the rich and poor is at least wide like a century ago and have become wider still (ibid) Health policies to improve the lives of the poor have been the main focus for the past 25 years and rural women are the most endangered by poor health services since most communities go without a full train medical doctor. Health diagnoses are done by traditional herbalist and women are vulnerable to more contracted and complicated health problems. (WHO 1995) According to UNICEF (2004) the disparity between developed and developing countries maternity mortality ratio is greater than for any other indicator. Every year around 200 million women become pregnant, approximately 150 million come to terms, 20 million of the pregnancies are unsafe abortions many of which tend out to have complications, disabilities and death, of the remainder there are 500,000 maternal deaths and a further 20 million women suffer severe and disability poor pregnancy management and delivery (WHO 1994) However, the majority of the affected in maternity mortality is in the developing countries in the aforementioned statistics. It was estimated by WHO 1994 that, in Chad, Somalia, Burkina Faso, Nigeria, and Cameroon approximately, there are 10 medical doctors per 1000 pregnant women in urban city general hospital in SSA and 1 medical doctor in a whole rural sub-division with approximated population of 5000 people. (World Bank 1994, p; 2, WHO 1995/UNICEF 1996) Gender and Power: The influence of power greatly affect gender relations especially in household decision making and power differ depends on the region and level of exposure of the female. From every indication, African girls and women have been deprived of their rights and power and this have been however backed by traditional justifications. This has been a prevalent in many Sub-Saharan African countries that practice patriarchal succession especially in countries like Ethiopia, Somalia, Rwanda, Burundi, Burkina Faso, Equatorial Guinea, and Cameroon respectfully. There is a traditional belief in these countries that women have to be docile, submissive, tolerant, answerable, obedient, loyal, domestic and faithful for which there is traditional justification. These superior rights given to boys by tradition compel females to be inferior and lack total power and control over their own lives and obligations. (Hirut 2004 p; 35-42) The socialization processes that determines gender roles in Sub-Saharan Africa are partly the reasons for the subjugation of females in these countries and societies rendering them powerless to an extent. Power determines the level of inequality between sexes and power relations differ from urban to rural and the more education a female acquire the more she become empowered and ignores most traditional subordination norms. Therefore, education gives power to most females to know their rights and obligations though traditional values still prevail despite the amount of education a female acquire in SSA. The issue of power relations in most households is felt differently in urban and rural areas in SSA. (ibid) The differences in the way individuals are treated through their socialization process, due mainly to their sex status, leads to real psychological and personality problems between males and females irrespective of their level of exposure. In most African countries, society is socialized in such a way that boys have autonomous powers and girls are rendered inferior. In the process of upbringing boys are expected to learn and become self reliant, bread winners, authoritative, decisive and responsible in different activities meanwhile girls are brought up to conform, obedient, dependant, and specialized in private spheres activities like cooking, washing clothes, fetching water, caring for children and other household domestic activities irrespective of their level of education and exposure. This traditional socialization processes and unequal opportunities have made the process of gender equality slow in most Sub-Saharan African countries. (ibid) Gender and Culture: The fight on gender equality and female empowerment have been greatly influenced by cultural factors in the developing countries. Most African countries such as Nigeria, Cameroon, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Ivory Coast etc have diverged cultural backgrounds and have different perceptions on the issue of gender and female empowerment. (UN 2005) Traditional and religious beliefs have been the major cultural roadblocks for gender equality and female empowerment. Considering the fact that most African countries have Christians and Muslim populations, the issue of gender is more obstructed by the Muslim since Muslim norms are a taboo if disrespect. (Hirut 2004) Generally speaking, traditional norms, Muslim norms and Christian beliefs accept female subordination as a good practice and hence make it difficult for equality to reign in developing societies. (ibid) A UNDP (2005) report indicates that female enrolment in schools is generally lower in Muslim sectors than Christians ´ in countries that have both Muslim and Christian populations in SSA. This means that education which is the main tool for female empowerment and gender equality is considered wastage of resources in some Muslim communities because of stiff Islam beliefs. Christian and other traditional beliefs also favor female subordination exposing men at a dominant position causing major obstacles for female empowerment. Although more Christians and Muslim societies have realized the importance of female education that gives girls and women power through employment and exposure, other factors such as poverty and traditional mal practices are still a socio-cultural hindrance to the issue of gender and female empowerment in SSA. (ibid) Conclusion: In the end, the issue on gender and female empowerment in the development process of Sub-Saharan African remains a heated debate among scholars, theorist, Institutions, researchers, Governments, NGOs and International Organizations to find a kind of approach to intrude in the cultural justification of female subordination in the development process of SSA. Contrasting studies have also questioned if the fight for gender equality and female empowerment is an actual push to enhance African development or it is just a way to impose western and North American superiority? The question on why is the issue of gender equality and female empowerment slower than expected in the development process of SSA is a question of perspective. Many reasons can account for high gender inequality and low female empowerment in SSA, but this depends on which angle the problem is viewed. Throughout the project, the problem of gender inequality and slow female empowerment have been viewed at a cultural and traditional dimension explained by inequality and the modernization theory meaning that the project have choose to analyze the problems of inequality on the factors caused by culture and traditional values in SSA. That not withstanding, the same question can be analyzed by other economic and socio-political factors. In the course of the project, a lot of factors have been illustrated as elements responsible for gender inequality and slow female empowerment in the development process of Sub-Saharan Africa. The elements analyzed by the project as responsible for high gender inequality in SSA are poverty, illiteracy, cultural barriers, traditional beliefs, disease and HIV/AIDS, unemployment, decision making and the issue of power sharing are all accountable for low female empowerment in the development process of SSA. Research have proven that the slow development process in SSA is not about gender equality, because gender inequality exist everywhere in the world, and inequality still exist among sexes regardless of the level of development a society have undergone. In connection to the two theories used in the beginning of this project, it is crystal clear that gender inequality would still persist irrespective of the technological advancement of a society. This is clearly seen by tracing the origin of male domination, sex distinction and predisposition of men in extreme conditions as explained by the inequality theory. In the other hand, cultural roadblocks are viewed by the modernization school as the reason for wide gender gap in the development process of SSA. That notwithstanding, cultural values endures despite technological improvement in any society. However, the issue of gender inequality needs a serious attention from both local, national, sub-regional, regional governments and International Organization to seek for alternative approaches in the development process of SSA. Although policies and institutions have been put in place pertaining women ´s participation in the development process of SSA, existing programs and strategies should be reviewed to make the efforts more effective and innovative. To empower and integrate women in the fight for gender equality and the development process of SSA, the local government and International Institutions can embark on the following, intensify family planning methods, encourage more female education, fight early marriages and create conditions for women to work and earn an income, focusing on gender rural development programs especially working to bring cultural evolution toward gender equality in all aspects, and strategies of such programs should consider region specific problems i .e. customs and traditions in order to be more effective. This project ends up asking some questions for further investigation by other researchers, Can the equation of gender and female empowerment actually facilitate the development process of Africa? Or the true problems of Africa ´s underdevelopment are political and economic stagnation caused by it tragic history.

Essay --

Final Examination (2) Discuss the three approaches to property valuation. What is the process of each? When might it be better to use one approach over the other? The three approaches to property valuation are: comparable sales approach (market data approach); income approach; and cost summation approach. Comparable sales approach is determined by using recent sales of similar properties to the one being assessed. This estimates true property value by comparing the property that is in question to others that have been recently sold and then making the adjustments as needed. The idea is that you need to find market areas that have relative or same economic status. Once this process is done then you can group the â€Å"parcels† in different categories, i.e. size, year it was built, the size of the lot, etc. The book says that the property that is not sold is compared to similar property that a market value can be observed and then infers a value. (LJJ, 155) It is common in jurisdictions to assess parcels as a percentage or fraction of the full market value. In theory it does not make a difference if the full value or fractioned value is assessed, the outcome should be the same. When using fractional assessment you need to use a higher tax rate than using market value assessment. This seems to make taxpayers more comfortable but can lead to problems if different fractions are used in the same jurisdiction. Another problem is that this approach requires a large number of sales and can be time consuming if done annually or for the first time. This approach is great for residential properties. The income approach converts the future returns from ownership of a â€Å"parcel† into their present value equivalent. This approach can be done by c... ...edit of the issuing government. This non-guaranteed bond is backed by a certain business-like government activity and not a larger government entity that has taxing powers. Some revenue bonds can have lower interest rates than obligation bonds. If for example a water district with a excellent history of borrowing may have a lower interest rate than a general obligation bond with a declining property tax and low personal income. (LJJ, 492) Unlike obligation bonds these types of bonds generally do not need or require a popular vote and are repaid by the users f the service. This means that no tax dollars are directly used which is considered a good thing. The more costly of the two bonds are revenue bonds because they generally have higher interest rates. If there was a default on the general obligation bonds then taxes would have to be raised which is less popular.

The Giver :: essays research papers

The book The Giver by Louis Lowry is a very interesting book that everyone should take time to read. This book takes you through a community of people where everything has to be perfect. The story line is based around a boy named Jonas. Everyone in the community is assigned a job when they turn twelve and its Jonas turn to step up and get his job. This book is interesting because everything has to be perfect, Jonas gets the best job, and the adventure Jonas has to go through to save a new born child named Gabriel. In the book everyone and everything has to be perfect. If someone made a mistake they bring shame to there family and are released or kicked out of the community. One pilot had read his coordinates wrong and flew over the part f the community he wasn’t supposed to. The author states, â€Å"Needless To Say, He Will Be Released,† (2) This shows how strict the community was. Later on it the book Jonas receives his job as The Receiver of Memory. Since the community is perfect they never feel pain, pleasure, or can see any colors. Jonas’ job allows him to do all of the above and more. He must also keep the memories of the past. The author states, â€Å"Such a selection is very, very rare,† (60) which shows that getting that job is the community’s most honored position. Jonas after feeling the pain of death does not want Gabriel to die so he runs of with him. Jonas finally can see colors and knows what snow is and stuff like that. When he and Gabriel leave the community they are being searched by planed that detect body heat. To lower there body temperatures he used his memories of snow to cool them down. The author states, â€Å"Together they became cold; and when the planes were gone, they would shiver, holding each other, until sleep came again.

Is Frankenstein a reality? Essay -- Technology Society

Mary Shelley’s 1818 book, Frankenstein, started a popular trend with authors and movie screen writers of science fiction and horror. For over a century now, movies have been produced replicating the Frankenstein novel and the mysteries revolving around creating life from scratch. Numerous films show humans creating creatures or monsters, with good intentions, only for something to go wrong and the creation creates havoc on everyone involved. Viewers will find every variation of creation from cloning to mixing chemicals. In Frankenstein body parts were stitched together like patchwork creating an odd monstrous looking figure. The moral of the movie gives the viewer the impression that we should never play god. Otherwise, we will need to seek out and destroy what we created, just as Victor Frankenstein wanted to do. However, these movies are actually becoming a reality to a certain extent. Is it possible that the Frankenstein myth may actually become a reality in the near futur e? Scientist and doctors have been hard at work for many years to make this fiction a reality. When Frankenstein, was made into a movie in 1931, a memorable scene from it became the dark and gloomy night Victors creation came to life. The violent thunder and lightning had the audience predicting an intense moment was about to occur. Victor’s dead corpse was raised to an opening at the top of the ceiling where a magnificent display of light is shown jolting the machines connected to his creation. After the corpse was completely descended back into the laboratory, Victor notices a slight movement of the corpse’s stitched on hand. He shouts â€Å"Look! It’s moving. It’s alive! It’s alive! Oh in the name of God. Now I know what it feels like to be God.† Soon after,... ...tp://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-ropeik/scientists-bring-back-art_b_583876.html> . Sato, Rebecca. â€Å"Playing God† Scientists in Final Stage of Creating man-made Life.† Daily Galaxy. The Great Discoveries Channel. 21 June 2007. Web. 5 Dec. 2010 . Sato, Rebecca, and Casey Kazan. â€Å"The Ilulissat Manifesto-Creating Artificial Life.† The Daily Galaxy. The Great Discoveries Channel, 12 Mar. 2008. Web. 5 Dec. 2010. . Shelley, Mary, Frankenstein. Romantic Circles. University of Maryland. Stuart Curran. Web. 7 Nov 2010 . Tigges, Sabina. â€Å"Clint Hallam: Guinea Pig Takes the Reins.† Guinea Pig Zero. 29 Dec. 2005. Web. 5 Dec. 2010 .

Book Report (Romeo and Juliet) Essay

Author and His/her Life: William Shakespeare (April 16, 1564-April 23, 1616) was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, England, The United Kingdom. He’s genre are Literature & Fiction, Poetry. He was an English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world’s pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England’s national poet and the â€Å"Bard of Avon† (or simply â€Å"The Bard†). His surviving works consist of 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and several other poems. His plays have been translated into every major living language, and are performed more often than those of any other playwright. Shakespeare produced most of his known work between 1590 and 1613. Overview: The undying love-story of Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare is one of his greatest and astonishing works during his times which is still being studied in schools and told every generation. In this story, the two young lovers proved that they are going to love each other no matter what happens or should I say, till death makes them apart. Though everybody is against of their relationship, they did not stop loving each other though Romeo was banished by Juliet’s father and both families have a misunderstanding. I can say that their families wasted a lot of lives including the two young lovers’ lives because they let their egos rule before finding the appropriate solution for the problems of both parties. II. Body A. Characters: Romeo – Son of Montague who falls in love with Juliet. Juliet – A Capulet who falls in love with Romeo. Lord Capulet – Juliet’s father. Lady Montague – Romeo’s mother. Lord Montague – Romeo’s father. Count Paris – A friend of the Prince who wants to marry Juliet. Prince Escalus – Prince of Verona who provides for law and order. Friar Lawrence – The Priest in Verona. He marries Romeo and Juliet hoping it will unite both families. Friar John – Was supposed to deliver a letter to Romeo about Juliet and the Friar’s plan, but Romeo didn’t get it. The Nurse – Cared for Juliet during childhood. Mercutio – A good friend of Romeo. Balthasar – A servant and friend to Romeo. Benvolio – A friend of Romeo’s. Tybalt – Nephew of Lady Capulet. Samson – The Capulet servant. Gregory – He is a Capulet servant. Peter – Servant to Juliet’s Nurse. The Apothecary – A poor shopkeeper who illegally sells poison to Romeo. B. Setting The play is set in the thirteenth or fourteenth century in Italy in Verona and Mantua. Much of the action takes place in Juliet’s house. Two cities of Venice are also mentioned in the play. The Capulets and the Montagues, the main families of the play, are from noble lineage and wealth; they dress well, live in fancy surroundings, and are served by many attendants. The play’s basic setting, therefore, is rich and elegant. C. Plot For many years, an on-going feud between two families has caused much disruption in the city of Verona, Italy. The Capulets and the Montagues cannot seem to get along, and there have been many deaths among the two families because of it. Prince Escalus of Verona warns the two families that if the feud does not stop, the punishment will be death. The stage opens with servants of the Capulet and Montague families. They get into a minor argument. Romeo, a Montague, enters the stage. He has recently been denied the love of Rosaline. He is miserable over this. His friend and cousin, Benvolio, enters and decides that they will go to the Capulet feast, in disguises, so he can prove to Romeo that other pretty women exist. They all exit. At the feast, Romeo meets Juliet, the daughter of Capulet. Instantly, they fall in love. After the feast, Romeo sneaks into the Capulet orchard and visits Juliet. Here, they proclaim their love for each other. They decide to marry the next afternoon and they exit the stage. Romeo and his friend and confidant, Friar Laurence, enter. Romeo seeks the help of Friar Laurence, who agrees to marry Romeo and Juliet, in hopes that the marriage will end the feud between the two families. They exit. Later that afternoon, Tybalt, a nephew of Lady Capulet, enters. He meets Romeo and starts a fight with him, as he is angry that Romeo was at the Capulet feast. Mercutio, a friend of Romeo’s, is angered by Tybalt and challenges him to a duel. Tybalt kills Mercutio, and Romeo in response, kills Tybalt. He quickly flees the scene before he hears that the Prince has exiled him from Verona. All exit. Romeo and the friar enter. Hiding in Friar Laurence’s cell, Romeo tries to commit suicide. The friar will not allow Romeo to take his own life, and convinces him to go and see Juliet to say goodbye to her. Capulet enters and arranges for Juliet to marry Paris in three days. She refuses, but her father says he will disown her if she does not comply. They exit and Juliet enters in the friar’s cell. He gives her a potion that will make it appear as though she is dead. She exits. She reenters the stage (now at home) and agrees to marry Paris. Her father is so delighted with her obedience that he decides to move the wedding up one day, to the very next day (Wednesday). All exit. The next morning, Nurse enters and finds Juliet in her bed, apparently dead. The Capulets all enter with Paris and decide to have a funeral. All exit. Romeo, who is in Mantua, enters. His servant Balthasar enters and tells Romeo that Juliet is dead. Balthasar exits. Romeo doesn’t know that it is a fake death because he never gets the message from the friar. He buys a vial of poison from an apothecary and returns to Verona. Romeo enters at the Capulet tomb and sees Juliet (apparently) dead. Paris, who had entered previously, but had been hiding, recognizes Romeo as a Montague and challenges him. Romeo kills him, drinks the poison he bought, and dies. Just as Juliet wakes up from the potion the friar gave her, the friar enters the tomb. He hears noises and tries to persuade Juliet to leave with him. She refuses, sees Romeo dead next to her, stabs herself with Romeo’s sword, and dies. The Capulets, Montagues, and the Prince of Verona all enter the tomb and wonder what went on. Friar Laurence explains the story, and the Capulets and Montagues agree to end their family feud. D. Imagery and symbols Poison – Obviously it symbolizes how poison ended their love story even how much they wanted to fight for their love. E. Theme and Sub theme Forcefulness of love and Love as a cause of violence III. Conclusion A. Five lives, events/scene that attracted you. Why? 1. Romeo falls in love with Juliet at first sight. Juliet feels the same way about him. 2. Romeo confesses his love for Juliet. 3. Romeo makes arrangements with Friar Lawrence for his wedding to Juliet. 4. Romeo thought that Juliet is dead and then drinks poison. 5. Juliet wakes finding Romeo dead and kills herself and thrusts a sword thorough her body. I find these 5 scenes attracting because it prove how powerful love can be. The 5 lines and give the reason why you are attracted. 1. But soft! What light through yonder window breaks? It is the East, and Juliet is the sun! Arise, fair sun, and kill the envious moon, Who is already sick and pale with grief? That thou her maid are far more fair than she. Romeo, seeing Juliet at her window. He compares her to the sun, light that brightens his dark world. He had previously compared Rosaline to the moon. His love for Juliet, the sun, has risen and killed the feelings he had for Rosaline. 2. My only love, sprung from my only hate! Too early seen unknown, and known too late! Prodigious birth of love it is to me That I must love a loathed enemy. Juliet after the Nurse tells her that Romeo is a Montague. She has already fallen in love with him. The information has come too late to save them from this difficult situation. 3. These violent delights have violent ends And in their triumph die, like fire and powder, Which, as they kiss, consume. Friar Lawrence, warning Romeo to cool down his passion. Moderate love is less likely to lead to disaster than violent love. His warnings prove to be founded. 4. What’s in a name? That which we call a rose By any other word would smell as sweet. Juliet lamenting fact that her love is a member of the family that is a bitter enemy of her own. He is not defined by his name. They would be able to express their love freely if he were called anything else. 5. These violent delights have violent ends And in their triumph die, like fire and powder, Which, as they kiss, consume? Friar Lawrence, warning Romeo to cool down his passion. Moderate love is less likely to lead to disaster than violent love. His warnings prove to be founded. What do you think the novel contribute to you? In What way? It gave me an idea how love conquers all. It made me realize that nothing can stop love unless you, yourself decided to give up. I’ve learned that love builds, it also destroys. Is the novel worthwhile? Would you recommend it to others? Yes, it is worthwhile. I would definitely recommend it to others because people are very affected when they talked about love. This book will show how far you can go; how long you can be strong and how long will you fight in the name of love. What are the things you don’t like in the novel? If you were given a chance, what will you change to make it better? The part that I didn’t like the most is the ending. If I was William Shakespeare, I would make it a happy ending because they did everything to fight for their love. And obviously, people love happy endings. Over all generally what can you say to the novel? Short summary. In Romeo and Juliet, there are many different views of love shown. There is sexual love, romantic love, true love, spiritual love, unrequited love and love at first sight. The selflessness of Romeo and Juliet’s love – their willingness to die for each other, is in deep contrast to the hate between the Capulets and the Montagues. It’s about fighting their love to the fullest. They gave their best just to make their relationship right. They proved that nothing can stop you when you fall in love. It just shows that love is easy†¦ true love is not.

Character Analysis: John Updike A&P

John Updike’s story entitled â€Å"A&P† is a narration of a man who seeks for his identity and pride. The narrator of this story is also the main character – Sammy. This protagonist is a simple man – a grocery clerk and an observer.Because of this job, Sammy used to observe his costumers and the ambiance of the A&P. However, due to one situation that occurred into the grocery store, Sammy realizes many things and gives him certain actions that changed his life. Being the main character of the store, Sammy shows different emotions – happy, angry, sad, confused, and puzzled. That is why Sammy is a picture of transforming identity from the beginning up to the end of the story.In terms of sympathy towards Sammy’s character, I have seen that Updike uses different factors and elements to show emotions and actions coming from the main character. It is to provide conflict, climax, and resolution to the story. the author sympathize with Sammy’s character that can be seen in the end of the story where Sammy realizes that he has no job and the worlds will not be a better place for him anymore.This part shows sympathy in a sense that the author makes the character realize the fact of life and did not only release the solution of the conflict. Updike shows the justification and idea of Sammy after he quit his job, which is a form of sympathy to the character.Because the character comes from a middle class, the language is casual and straight. In the beginning of the story, we could see that Sammy is very observant with people or with his environment. When Sammy wants to express his feelings, he shows it directly without any form of pretention.From this fact, it defines the identity of Sammy as a normal character with dignity and pride. However, the way he describes things or people is dramatic in a sense that he provides accurate imagination to feel and understand his perceptions. As the story goes by, we could able to show t hat Sammy starts to express his actions and words together that changed his path.Sammy is easily affected by his environment. This is the most significant trait that he showed throughout the story. From the beginning up to the end of the story, Sammy establishes a concept of being affected to everything that happens in his environment. From this fact, we could distinguish that Sammy is a composition of attraction, curiosity, inferiority, and distinction. All these factors rehabilitate the mind and actions of Sammy towards other people like Quennie and Lengel.In my own observation, I can say that Sammy’s persona is dynamic because his actions and motivations are not stable. As the story goes on, Sammy’s personality elevate from one factor to another. In the beginning of the story, Sammy is an observant. When he saw Queenie in a swim suit, he started to analyze things. When Lengel enters the scene and confronts the ladies in swim suit, Sammy talks to Lengel. When Sammy t hinks that Lengel’s actions are illogical, he quits his job. His actions had a process to establish his character – not just a static formation of his identity.From all of these, I can say that Sammy is a good character that can be played. He is flexible enough to adjust in different scenarios. This is what I like with his character. Even if he is prank, direct, and ‘weird’ character, there is a concept of intelligence that lies within his persona. It shows that Sammy was not easily manipulated by his environment but he could think and become supple to show who he really is.Work CitedUpdike, John. A&P.

Gender Discrimination in Media Essay

Abstract This study examines women’s participation and representation in media. This study is based on the statistics of media units in Solapur city. Women constitute nearly 50% of population in every Indian city, but the participation of women in media is very low. Discussions of women’s representation in the media tend to revolve around the focus on physical beauty to the near-exclusion of other values. It is observed that media content about women issues is biased and gender discrimination is clearly visible .This study also suggests the ways to increase the women participation in media and the ways to rational representation of women in media. Introduction: Women constitute nearly 50% of population in India. Our social system boasts that it has given mother goddess status to women since the ancient period. But in reality society builds psychological barriers around women. This male dominated society imposed so many bindings against women. Therefore role of women was confined only to the kitchen and kids for many years. Social movement started by Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Mahatma Phule, Savitribai Phule, Maharshi Karve and other social activists opened doors for women’s education. Women have benefited greatly as education provided information to them about their rights and their equal status in the society. In spite of these efforts and the 65 year long journey since India’s independence , our nation is lagging behind in many basic things. World Economic Forum conducted a study to measure gender gap. The Global Gender Gap Index examines the gap between men and women in four fundamental categories: economic participation and opportunity, educational attainment, health and survival and political empowerment. According to this Gender Gap Report-2011, India is included among the 20 countries, where the gender gap is widest. It holds 113th position among 134 countries in the world. This report explains that â€Å"India and Pakistan perform above average on the political empowerment of women, particularly India, but they lag behind in the other three categories. In particular, the persistent health, education and economic participation gaps will be detrimental to India’s growth. India is the lowest ranked of the BRICK economies† (http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GenderGap_Report_2011.pdf) After India’s independence Women’s role in society has undergone seismic changes, which has been reflected in every walk of life. Women stepped out of four walls and succeeded in each and every field. Now women are working as pilots, soldiers, doctors, engineers, lawyers, politicians and proving their mettle in all fields. But it is ground reality that basic structure of male dominated society and roles and presumptions about women’s worlds remain the same. Still the life of majority of women in India remains unchanged. . The women who got benefited through education and succeeded to grab a job have to destine to face male supremacy. Gender discrimination is visible at every moment. Decision- making positions are not accessible for women. Many times working women have to face humiliation. Scenario in the field of media Scenario in the field of media also does not differ from it. Media Still remains as men’s world and this is global phenomena. According to the research conducted by International Women’s Media Foundation( IWMF ) 73% of the top management jobs are occupied by men compared to 27% occupied by women,Among the rank of reports , men hold nearl y two thirds of the jobs, compared to 36% held by women. These findings were collected by more than 150 researchers who interviewed executives at more than 500 companies in 59 nations. (http://iwmf.org/pioneering-change/global-research-on-women-in-the-news-media/global-report-online-version.aspx) According to this report statistics of women’s participation in Indian media is 13. 8 % ( e.g. Chief Executive Officer ) at top management , 23.3 % ( e.g. News Directors) in senior management ,18.3% ( Chief Correspondent ) in middle management and 25.5 % ( Reportes, Sub-editors ) at junior professional level . This report reveals that women’s participation in Indian media is very low and gender discrimination is the only reason behind this. Media sector in India is very strong and particularly India ranks second in circulation of newspaper copies in the world. â€Å"The new figures show that the four largest markets for newspapers are: China with 107 million copies daily; India, with 99 million copies daily; Japan with 69 million copies daily; and the United States, with nearly 51 million.† 1 Marathi newspapers in Maharashtra are also enjoying better position. Two Marathi newspapers Lokmat and Sakal are placed among India’s top 10 largest circulated regional dailies in the IRS first quarterly report 2012 . Lokmat is at second position and Sakal is at tenth position in this list. (http://mruc.net/irs2012q1-topline-findings.pdf) â€Å" Women participation in Indian media is negligible. Though a few women were appointed by the media many were not given big responsibilities. The media should be more responsible when it comes to reporting of women’s issues.† 2 This picture is same in Mahashtra state. Solapur city is 7 th populated city in Maharastra .Population of Solapur is more than 12 lacks. There are seven dailies having circulation of more than 25000 copies per day. But participation of women in newspapers editorial staff is negligible. It is observed that young women taking admissions to the media courses is increasing during last few years. But job opportunities are not easily accessible for them. Situation in electronic media seems better than newspapers. Table no 1: Ratio of Women’s Participation in Editorial staff of Daily Newspapers in Solapur This statistics clearly reveals that women’s participation in these newspapers as reporters, sub-editors, editors is less than 3%. Women journalists are confined generally to the table duties to edit women’s page or to cover cultural events arranged for women. Important beats such as political beat, crime beat does not allotted to the female journalists. They work on junior levels .In decision making process women’s participation almost neglected in all newspapers. Table no 2 : Womens participation in electronic media in Solapur Sr no| Media Unit | Male Journalists | Female Journalists| total| 1| AIR Solapur| 05 (71..42%)| 02 (18.58%)| 06| 2| Big 92.7 FM| 03 (100.00%)| 0(00.00%)| 04| 3| IN Solapur TV channel| 08 (80.0%)| 02 (20.0%)| 10| 4| Reporters of TV channels| 09 (90.0%) | 01 (10.0%)| 10| | Total| 23 (83.34%)| 05 (16.66%)| 30| Women participation in electronic media is 16.66% as compared to mere 1.97 % in newspapers. Solapur Working Journalist Union is organization of all journalist belonging to print and electronic media in Solapur .( Table no.3 ) Not a single female journalist included among total 125 members of Solapur Working Journalist’s Union Table no 3: Members of Solapur Working Journalist Union Male Journalists | Female Journalists| 125 ( 100%)| 00 ( 00 % )| Male dominated media managements are not allowing access to the woman journalists. According to the executives of the media, woman journalists cannot work in the night shifts and they are reluctant to cover every beat assigned to them .That’s why we prefers male journalists for the job. This gender biased assumption of the media managements is contrary to the real facts. Women are actively participating in every walk of life such as armed forces, space science, entrepreneurship, education, engineering etc.They work hard without any concessions and proved their mettle. These examples prove that women are going hand-in-hand with men in every field. Therefore women can do their best in the field of media. Barkha Dutt, Nalini Singh, Mrinal Pandey, Sucheta Dalal are some prominent examples of women journalists doing brilliant job than male journalists. It reveals that only reason for the less participation of women in media is the gender bias of the management. Women’s Representation in Media Media plays an important role in the dissemination of information and knowledge to the masses. It is the role of the media to educate people and to guide them for the development of society and nation. But media content about women issues is alwayes biased and gender discrimination is clearly visible in it. Most of the woman’s organizations blame on media that it is responsible for biased and stereotype portrayal of women. Any society cannot progress without upliftment and empowerment of women .But Indian media is engaged in portraying women as housewives.† Feminists objected to the stereotypical portrayal of women as happy home- makers who were less competent than men.† 3 Now women are active participants in every walk of life. Therefore it is important to to properly project the image of women as role model. For these purpose women participation in media should be increased. But mere participation does not change the situation. .â€Å"A large proportion of women thought that there would be a change in program content with as increase in proportion of female employees program quality would improve and more balanced perspective would be emerge. .† 4 Mrs. Suhas Kumar rightly suggested that â€Å"Women must become active participants in the field of journalism and other fields of media to fulfill the all-round development of women directly and indirectly.only through their involvement in journalism women will be able to speak for themselvesand the issues relevant to them†. 8 Therefore it is necessary to appoint women as decision makers in the newspapers. Special training must be given to all editorial staff about the equality principle and the rights of women as human being. Conclusion: Male dominated newspaper industry is reluctant to give access to women journalists. Women journalists are not assigned to cover important issues. News related to women issues covered by male journalists cannot give justification to the issue. There are no guidelines for reservations for women in media jobs.Mere increases in number of women journalists cannot change the gender bias in media. Suggestions: At the end, this study concludes with some suggestions (a) There is need to recruit women journalists in proportion, giving them equal opportunity and access to work in media. (b) The important women’s issues must be rported by women journalist. (c) Special guidelines should be given to all the journalists about projecting positive and real image of woman, without any bias. (d) There should be a provision to punish guilty persons for portraying women as commodity in any advertisement, news, article etc. References 1. The Hindu online edition ,New Delhi, Jan,10, 2011.8 2. The Hindu online edition ,New Delhi, June,4 ,2008 3.Thakurta Paranjoy,Media Ethics : Truth, Fairness and Objectivity,Oxford

Food Web Diagram Essays

Food Web Diagram Essays Food Web Diagram Essay Food Web Diagram Essay Essay Topic: Web Food Web Diagram Name: Course: Institution: : Instructor: Date: Food Web Diagram Selected ecosystem – The Everglades The Florida Everglades is swampy and used to be called â€Å"River of Grass† because it runs through prairies of saw grass. This special area is home to a varied plant and animal population. Over the last century, human activities have destroyed the ecosystem for their selfish gains. They have constructed canals that transport water from the system to their homes and farms. This has changed the flow of water into the everglades, which has resulted to loss of habitat and animals due to insufficient and lack of food and water. For example, alligators lose their nests when canals and gates are opened to release water into the everglades. This is due to the massive flooding that is caused by this water. The water in the everglades has been constantly polluted by the industries and pesticides used by human being on their farms. The everglades experiences dramatic weather and climate changes throughout the year making it difficult for the animals and plants to survive. Nevertheless, the plants and animals have adapted to the harsh weather conditions in this ecosystem. The varying soils and salinity of water in this ecosystem has provided it with the millions of plant and animal species. Some plants and animals are considered endangered but are preserved in this ecosystem like the American crocodile, wood stock, snail kite, loggerhead turtle and the southern bald eagle. Herbivores (marsh rabbit, deer, apple snail) Omnivorous(mosquito fish, opossum, raccoon)

Tsar Nicholas II of Russia essays

Tsar Nicholas II of Russia essays Was Nicholas II responsible for his own downfall? Historians seem to think that Tsar Nicholas was responsible for his own downfall, though partially there was also the influence of others reasons in which he had no control over the situations and could not be held responsible for. The two main reasons which are seemed to have contributed the most to his downfall are his own weaknesses and defaults aided by the catastrophes and effects of the First World War. Tsar Nicholas inherited his authority from his father who when died left his son to continue ruling the country in the same autocrat fashion in which he had ruled. He was also a dictator which was not at all times agreeable with the people of Russia. As Russia was a very vast empire, compromising of only 40% of Russian, living with other nationalities which made it harder for Tsar Nicholas because as they all represented different languages, customs and religions, many became restless and wanted their independence, democracy and their own say in the goings on of the country. Tsar Nicholas unfortunately didnt see the need for him to rule the country democratically; that was part of his weakness not being able to satisfy and control the country. Secondly, a reason that contributed to his downfall, which he didnt have any control over was the Russo-Japanese war. In 1904 with no warning at all, The Japanese attacked a Russian fleet. The build up to this sudden attack was the many years of rivalry between the two countries. The Tsars popularity rose when the war began because the war was greeted enthusiastically with high hopes of winning it, but unfortunately the results of the war were disastrous. Poor communication prevented rapid movement of Russian troops and supplies, which lead to the defeat of Russia. The effect of the defeat at home was swift as th e Tsars popularity reached its lowest and his government was sev...

Free Essays on JohnF Kennedey Inaugural Address

Address Friday, January 20, 1961 The speech was written and gave by one man named John F. Kennedy. The speech was written during the U.S. and Soviet problems of stockpiling nuclear weapons for war. It was written to address the Soviet alliance with the U.S. and it was given to address any possibilities of war with the Soviet. It was to restore the trust of U.S. citizens. It addressed the issues going on in the U.S. to make peace with other countries. John F. Kennedy had a well-balanced attitude that shows his true regard for the U.S. It was given to the counties who wanted to make war with U.S. and what we could do to help ourselves. The attitude of the audience was well they listen to him, and they had understood what he had to say. They felt as if he knew what he wanted to do and what was expected of the U.S. John F. Kennedy wanted to stop the problems between other countries and to just get along with one another. He was real successful at getting the point he had to make get across well to listeners and readers minds of what he truly wanted to happen. â€Å"We observe today not a victory of party, but a celebration of freedom- symbolizing an end, as well as a beginning- signifying renewal, as well as change. For I have sworn before you and Almighty God the same solemn oath our forebears prescribed nearly a century and three quarters ago. The world is very different now. For man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life. And yet the same revolutionary beliefs for which our forebears fought are still at issue around the globe- the belief that the rights of man come not from the generosity of the state, but from the hand of God. We dare not forget today that we are the heirs of that first revolution. Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans- born in this century, te... Free Essays on JohnF Kennedey' Inaugural Address Free Essays on JohnF Kennedey' Inaugural Address Address Friday, January 20, 1961 The speech was written and gave by one man named John F. Kennedy. The speech was written during the U.S. and Soviet problems of stockpiling nuclear weapons for war. It was written to address the Soviet alliance with the U.S. and it was given to address any possibilities of war with the Soviet. It was to restore the trust of U.S. citizens. It addressed the issues going on in the U.S. to make peace with other countries. John F. Kennedy had a well-balanced attitude that shows his true regard for the U.S. It was given to the counties who wanted to make war with U.S. and what we could do to help ourselves. The attitude of the audience was well they listen to him, and they had understood what he had to say. They felt as if he knew what he wanted to do and what was expected of the U.S. John F. Kennedy wanted to stop the problems between other countries and to just get along with one another. He was real successful at getting the point he had to make get across well to listeners and readers minds of what he truly wanted to happen. â€Å"We observe today not a victory of party, but a celebration of freedom- symbolizing an end, as well as a beginning- signifying renewal, as well as change. For I have sworn before you and Almighty God the same solemn oath our forebears prescribed nearly a century and three quarters ago. The world is very different now. For man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life. And yet the same revolutionary beliefs for which our forebears fought are still at issue around the globe- the belief that the rights of man come not from the generosity of the state, but from the hand of God. We dare not forget today that we are the heirs of that first revolution. Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans- born in this century, te...

Pathogenesis of measles virus infection The WritePass Journal

Pathogenesis of measles virus infection Introduction Pathogenesis of measles virus infection IntroductionInfection and SpreadSymptomsVaccinationSubacute sclerosing panencephalitisConclusionRelated Introduction The development of the measles virus in earlier childhood is still relatively commonplace today in lower economic countries. A vaccination was developed approximately 40 years ago which reduced the incidence of the virus Worldwide. Unfortunately the virus has not been entirely eradicated, and a higher rate of infection still occurs more frequently in developing countries. In 2006 an invention of strategies were put into place by the World Health Organisation (WHO)/United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)for the reduction of measles mortality rates1,2. Eradication of the measles virus encounters considerable imposing obstacles, including the growth in populations, demographic difficulties and the general population’s awareness to vaccination safety3. The WHO in 2012 plan to eradicate measles virus in the Western Pacific, a well designed sustainable plan is an necessity for this to ensure achievement, another decisive influence in the successfulness of the immunisation pro ject is identifying the appropriate age at which immunisation should occur at. One of the main approaches to eradication of the measles virus infection is to immunise approximately 95% of the population, subsequently the majority of the population is acutely immunised against the measles virus infection which can cause astounding complications1. Infection and Spread Initial immunity for the neonate is maternal immunity transferred during pregnancy from mother to foetus. Younger women are being vaccinated in developing countries; consequently their own natural immunity is lower in comparison to non vaccinated women800. The measles virus is a contagious infection. The measles virus is caused by RNA viruses, which belongs to the genus Morbillivirus. Spread of the virus occurs due to coughing, sneezing, and personal contact with the infected. The measles virus can remain in an active state up to two hours once airborne or on contaminated surfaces. Prior to the characteristic rash associated more commonly with the measles virus, spread of the virus can develop from up to four days prior to first signs of infection and even up to four days after initial first signs of characteristic rash801. The initial symptoms of the virus display characteristics from 8-12 days following infection802. Measles virus spread is achievable through susceptible individual s whose immune system is in a state of compromised condition. Initial spread is initialised through the airways. Replication of the measles virus (MV) is acquired through numerous organs and tissues.   Various types of cells and tissues are affected, which include dendritic cells (DC), and B and T lymphocytes. Generally the patient’s own immune system fights the infection and generates a life term of immunity against the infection and reoccurrence.   The MV is characterised as an RNA envelope virus.   Viral RNA continues to infect after initial 20 days after infection clearance. An indication of measles virus is a rash which manifests itself after approximately 10 days. Measles rash is an indication of the adaptive immune system responsiveness. At this stage CD4+ and CD8+ T cells infiltrate site for clearance. Both lymphocytes activate at same time, but CD8+ T cells is more severe, CD4+ response is longer.   A diagnostic serum test for presence of IgM can be taken at this stage to evaluate the prognosis of measles. Antibody specific IgG is also produced at this interval. The immune system experiences prolonged immunosuppression. Differential amounts of cytokines and chemokines are produced at the varied stages of infection. After the initial infection levels of IL-8 increase, IFN-ÃŽ ³ and IL-2 are elevated by activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells during features of a rash. Following rash exposure CD4+ generates interleukin IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13. Failure to eliminate measles infection can contribute in the development of inclusion body encephalitis and pneumonia. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) can also develop from persistent infection exposure in young children203. Symptoms The measles virus presents itself as a collaboration of symptoms, which are deemed characteristics of the virus and its associated effects on the patient’s body and immune- suppressed system. Measles virus is considered a highly infectious disease. If the measles virus is persistent in the body, the virus can affect the central nervous system (CNS). Initial symptoms of the measles virus include a state of fever, coughing and a rash with small bumps. One of the main complications of persistent measles virus is the influence on the CNS40. The virus conforms to a number of characteristics. These characteristics include such signs as a fever, redness of the eyes with the most common feature being a rash on the skin41. Other symptoms of the virus include such features as coughing, muscle pain, runny nose, spots inside of mouth (Koplik’s spots), light sensitivity and eye irritation. The trade mark rash usually starts at the top of the body and moves down systematically41a. Diagnosis of acute measles include serum based specific IgM EIAs42. In 2000 a uniformed quality assured system was introduced by the World Health Organisation (WHO). The WHO established LabNet to create a homologous system to ensure diagnosis of measles and rubella. Laboratory Network (LabNet) is available in over a hundred countries. One major hurdle in the successfulness of diagnosis; is the collecting of the serum samples. Newly devised methods of sampling specimen included dried blood spots (DBS) and oral fluid (OF). Serum sampling is considered to quintessential standard for diagnosis but successful alternatives are being sought, which include the promising DBS and OF. These DBS and OF diagnostic tests offer viable potential in diagnostics for measles. Transport considerations would be less tedious when not using serum samples and the issues surrounding the safety and necessity of using needles would be eliminated. Great number of research is being implemented into more effectiv e and conclusive methods for the diagnosis of measles43. As the WHO has implemented plans to eliminate measles, greater attentiveness to the diagnostics of measles is essential and required for the WHO to be successful in their plan for reduced mortality rates44. Complications of the measles virus have been attributed to autism in children after they have received the mumps, measles, and rubella vaccine (MMR). Studies conducted suggest that the cases of autism did not increase at the period of administration of the MMR vaccine. Variation in different types of autism is being studied in comparison to administration of the MMR vaccine45. The link between MMR vaccination and autism is unauthenticated but cases could exist if the child was genetically predisposed after receiving the vaccination. The vaccine is significant, as without it mortality rates would prevail46. Vaccination The implementation of vaccinations against the measles virus has been one of the most successful vaccinations worldwide. The measles vaccine has saved millions of lives around the world. It has been estimated that approximately 30-40 million people of cases of the virus each year still occur with approximately 800,000 deaths a year being contributed to the virus. The susceptibility to the measles virus is directed towards numerous influential contributory factors. The efficacy of the vaccine is dependent of a number of influential factors. Transfer of maternal antibodies occurs through the placenta. The rate of maternal antibodies in less developed countries has been shown to be lower than transferred maternal antibodies in developed countries. One contributory factor is malaria placenta infection. It has been documented that maternal antibodies still are transferred, but these antibodies tend to diminish at a greater rate.   An implementation plan of action was the introduction of malaria netting which may improve the outcome. Low birth weights are more vulnerable to measles virus than normal healthy weight births. Suggestions put forward mitigate plans to vaccinate the more susceptible at an earlier age. Due to near elimination of naturally occurring measles, most immunity is due to vaccination, fewer antibodies get passed through placenta to the foetus, therefore the foetus immunity to measles is lower. Another suggestion to improve vaccination rate success is to vaccinate pre- adolescence to increase antibody levels. Finding a suitable age of vaccination is paramount and difficult, as vaccinated mothers pass on fewer antibodies than mother who naturally incurred the measles virus. An established immunisation programme has to be introduced which embraces all age groups and range of immunity.   Due to lower antibody levels being transferred from the mother, the measles virus susceptibility could be as low as 4-5 months for the child. Due to such a young age of susceptibility, new regimes will have to be adapted to incorporate capturing of the earlier infected age group. The number of doses required and the efficacy of the doses is also of concern. Some countries have adopted a two dose strategy and other countries have a one dose strategy.   The World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends a two dose strategy200. The different strains of the vaccines allows for different groups to be immunized. Non-injectable vaccine for the measles virus is being studied. Aerosol vaccine is displaying promising results. A study is presently on going to determine the sufficiency of aerosol vaccine in comparison to the injectable vaccine. Aerosol vaccine promises great expectations, allowing greater immune response for children 9 months or older. Aerosol vaccine allows for self administration, are less audacious to use than the injectable vaccine201. A needle-free approach is being investigated, which would prove to be cost effective and an alternative to the injectable vaccine202. A needle- free approach may be one of the better options going forward as there are numerous constraints of the live attenuated vaccines (LAVs), which include qualified administrators of vaccinations, sterile needles, and correct storage of vaccines. Non needle vaccines could allow for lower costs for administrating, easily administrated, little maintenance, one dose vaccine, safe and globally effective and availa ble.203 Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is contributed to the association of the measles virus. SSPE is a fatal neurological infection affecting the central nervous system (CNS), which mainly affects children. As the disease progresses, oligodendroctyes, astrocytes and endothelial cells become affected, this ultimately accumulates to death of the patient.   The occurrence of SSPE was once considered to occurs in approximately 1:300,000, but more recent research would suggest cases of 1:10,00055. The direct cause of SSPE is still unidentified56 Thepathogenesis of Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis is still undefined but the incidence is considered to be mainly an adaptive immune response which involves cell- mediated responses and antibody- mediated responses, but some research suggests that both the innate and adaptive immune response is involved57,58. SSPE can linger for a number of years while causing neurological damage. Signs of SSPE become evident 6 years post measles infection. It has been documented that 95% of patients with Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis will die within 5 years of initial determination of the disease, and with only 5% of patients going into remission. The treatment Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis includes the controlling of seizures. Diagnoses of Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis are associated with electroencephalography. Demyelination and the prevalence of the measles virus are involved with SSPE. Some treatment trials are ongoing and include such drugs as isoprinosine57. Symptoms of Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis include changes in behaviour, reduction in mental capacity and involuntary twitching. Symptoms can also be represented by non conforming characteristics, which can cause SSPE to be a missed diagnosis59. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis has also been documented to be more prevalent in males60. Future treatments for Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis include optimising the use of antivirals and molecule inhibitors61. The administration of alpha-interferon could increase the rate of mortality among patients of SSPE62. Combination therapy has been utilised in hoping to achieve the best treatment approach available, IFN-alpha and ribavirin has been optimised but with minute improved outcome63. Other research has been conducted based on apoptosis (programmed cell death) and Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, again combination drug therapy optimising flupirtine and antiviral drugs has been acknowledged64. The aetiology of Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis is unknown, but is contributed to the relentless measles virus65. The measles virus is attributed to an array of neurological diseases66. With advancing new methodologies being discovered, advancing research and improvements directed towards disease diagnosis into SSPE, new treatments and preventative measures a viable cure may one day may become notably and genuinely palpable67. Conclusion Measles virus is contagious and affects impoverished countries more readily than developed countries. Alternative therapies focus on the influential factors which may determine susceptibility, such as deficiency in vitamin A. Measles virus in children with vitamin A deficiency may prove more harmful.   The World Health Organisation set a recommendation of the required dosage of vitamin A for children with the measles virus living in impoverished surroundings30. Treatments for the contagious measles virus include vaccinations. Newly improved methods of vaccine administration are being developed, enhancing the cost- effectiveness and ease of use. The consequences of MV include Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), pneumonia and inclusion body encephalitis. Preventable measure and characteristic features of the virus should be dispensed to the public to educate the people on the importance of vaccination against measles virus. Reduction of two-thirds of deaths of the under-five is planned by the World Health Organisation, in its plan referred to as the Fourth Millennium Development Goal (MDG 4) by 2015. Elimination of the virus is being benchmarked against getting pre-puberty women vaccinated and aiming to vaccinate children at a younger age. Global recognition around the world on the severe consequences of the virus is essential for the eradication of this preventable infection. Countries around the World must be capable of alerting the ir appropriate agencies if a measles outbreak is thought to have occurred, failure of recognition could be detrimental to the more suscepitable31. A global uniformed approach to dosage to the young should be widely implemented around the World, and the consequences of a measles outbreak should be made clear to leading government agencies to cascade to their appropriate teams of experts.

Net Ionic Equation Definition (Chemistry)

Net Ionic Equation Definition (Chemistry) There are different ways to write equations for chemical reactions. Three of the most common are unbalanced equations, which indicate the species involved; balanced chemical equations, which indicate number and type of species; and net ionic equations, which only deal with the species that contribute to a reaction. Basically, you need to know how to write the first two types of reactions to get the net ionic equation. Net Ionic Equation Definition The net ionic equation is a chemical equation for a reaction which lists only those species participating in the reaction. The net ionic equation is commonly used in acid-base neutralization reactions, double displacement reactions, and redox reactions. In other words, the net ionic equation applies to reactions that are strong electrolytes in water. Net Ionic Equation Example The net ionic equation for the reaction that results from mixing 1 M HCl and 1 M NaOH is:H(aq) OH-(aq) → H2O(l)The Cl- and Na  ions do not react and are not listed in the net ionic equation. How to Write a Net Ionic Equation There are three steps to writing a net ionic equation: Balance the chemical equation.Write the equation in terms of all of the ions in the solution. In other words, break all of the strong electrolytes into the ions they form in aqueous solution. Make sure to indicate the formula and charge of each ion, use coefficients (numbers in front of a species) to indicate the quantity of each ion, and write (aq) after each ion to indicate its in aqueous solution.In the net ionic equation, all species with (s), (l), and (g) will be unchanged. Any (aq) that remain on both sides of the equation (reactants and products) can be cancelled out. These are called spectator ions and they dont participate in the reaction. Tips for Writing the Net Ionic Equation The key to knowing which species dissociate into ions and which form solids (precipitates) is to be able to recognize molecular and ionic compounds, know the strong acids and bases, and predict the solubility of compounds. Molecular compounds, like sucrose or sugar, dont dissociate in water. Ionic compounds, like sodium chloride, dissociate according to solubility rules. Strong acids and bases completely dissociate into ions, while weak acids and bases only partially dissociate. For the ionic compounds, it helps to consult the solubility rules. Follow the rules in order: All alkali metal salts are soluble. (e.g., salts of Li, Na, K, etc. - consult a periodic table if youre unsure)All  NH4 salts are soluble.All NO3-, C2H3O2-, ClO3-, and ClO4-  salts are soluble.All Ag, Pb2, and Hg22  salts are insoluble.All Cl-, Br-, and I-  salts are soluble.All CO32-, O2-, S2-, OH-, PO43-, CrO42-, Cr2O72-, and SO32-  salts are insoluble (with  exceptions).All SO42-  salts are soluble (with exceptions). For example, following these rules you know sodium sulfate is soluble, while iron sulfate is not. The six strong acids that completely dissociate are  HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3, H2SO4, HClO4. The oxides and hydroxides of alkali (group 1A) and alkaline earth (group 2A) metals are strong bases that completely dissociate. Net Ionic Equation Example Problem For example, consider the reaction between sodium chloride and silver nitrate in water. Lets write the net ionic equation. First, you need to know the formulas for these compounds. Its a good idea to memorize common ions, but if you dont know them, this is the reaction, written with (aq) following the species to indicate they are in water: NaCl(aq) AgNO3(aq) → NaNO3(aq) AgCl(s) How do you know silver nitrate and silver chloride form and that silver chloride is a solid? Use the solubility rules to determine both reactants dissociate in water. In order for a reaction to occur, they must exchange ions. Again using the solubility rules, you know sodium nitrate is soluble (remains aqueous) because all alkali metal salts are soluble. Chloride salts are insoluble, so you know AgCl precipitates. Knowing this, you can rewrite the equation to show all the ions (the complete ionic equation): Na(aq)  Ã‚  Cl​−​​(aq) Ag​(aq)  Ã‚  NO​3​−​​(aq)  Ã¢â€ â€™Ã‚  Na​​​(aq)   NO​3​−​​(aq)  Ã‚  AgCl(s) The sodium and nitrate ions are present on both sides of the reaction and are not changed by the reaction, so you can cancel them from both sides of the reaction. This leaves you with the net ionic equation: Cl-(aq) Ag(aq) → AgCl(s)

Seguimiento y confirmación entrega documentos a USCIS

Seguimiento y confirmacià ³n entrega documentos a USCIS Cuando se envà ­a documentacià ³n al Servicio de Inmigracià ³n y Ciudadanà ­a (USCIS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) siempre quedan las dudas sobre si se habr recibido el paquete. Para despejarlas, es posible en algunos casos solicitar la confirmacià ³n de haberse recibido la solicitud y asà ­ evitar nervios y dudas innecesarios. En este artà ­culo se informa sobre quà © se debe hacer para que USCIS confirme la recepcià ³n de una peticià ³n o papeles enviados, bien mediante un mensaje de texto (sms) al telà ©fono celular del solicitante o bien enviando un correo electrà ³nico. Tambià ©n se aclara cundo es posible solicitar este tipo de servicio, ya que no siempre es admisible. Adems, quà © debe hacerse en caso de no recibirse dicha notificacià ³n y cà ³mo hacer para hacer a continuacià ³n un seguimiento de la tramitacià ³n de la solicitud o peticià ³n que se pide a USCIS. Confirmacià ³n entrega documentos a USCIS USCIS puede confirmar el recibo de la documentacià ³n enviada a uno de los siguientes lockbox: Lewisville (Texas), Chicago (Illinois) o Phoenix (Arizona).Para solicitar confirmacià ³n debe completar la planilla G-1145Costo: $0USCIS confirma recibo de la documentacià ³n por mensaje de texto (sms) o correo electrà ³nico.  ¿Quà © hacer para recibir confirmacià ³n de USCIS de recibo de documentacià ³n enviada? Para que USCIS confirme la recepcià ³n de documentacià ³n es necesario rellenar la planilla G-1145. Para ello, ir al enlace anterior, mover el cursor hasta la parte inferior de la pantalla hasta donde pone en negrita â€Å"complete this form and clip it on top of the first page of your immigration form(s)†. A continuacià ³n, en tinta negra o a mquina y letras mayà ºsculas completar la informacià ³n que se pide del solicitante: Primero, el apellido o apellidosDespuà ©s, el nombreY luego el segundo nombre, si lo tuviera.Y a continuacià ³n escribir el correo electrà ³nico del solicitante en el que se quiera recibir la confirmacià ³n y el nà ºmero de telà ©fono celular. En esta planilla G-1145 no se pide ninguna informacià ³n adicional, solamente la indicada. Una vez completada la hoja, debe unirse a la documentacià ³n y/o solicitud que se envà ­a al USCIS colocndola de primera y unià ©ndola al resto del expediente con un clip. Esta planilla G-1145, que, es gratuita no debe graparse ni colocarse de à ºltima ni en el medio del resto de la documentacià ³n. Confirmacià ³n por USCIS de recibo de documentacià ³n El USCIS enviar la notificacià ³n electrà ³nica de haber recibido un paquete con documentacià ³n en el plazo de 24 horas siguientes a su recepcià ³n. Para ello, utilizar un correo electrà ³nico o/y un sms para los envà ­os procedentes de EEUU y sà ³lo el correo electrà ³nico para los que provengan de otro paà ­s. En la confirmacià ³n aparecer un nà ºmero que es el que confirma el recibo. En los 10 dà ­as siguientes se recibir una carta ordinaria -cuyo nombre oficial es I-797C- donde se vuelve a confirmar el recibo. El sms o el correo del USCIS sà ³lo quiere decir que han recibido la documentacià ³n. Nada ms. A partir de ahà ­ se pondrn a tramitar el asunto. Adems, la notificacià ³n en forma de sms o correo electrà ³nico no contiene ningà ºn dato personal, ni siquiera el nombre de la persona que ha enviado la solicitud. Esto es asà ­ porque las comunicaciones de tipo electrà ³nico no son seguras. Es decir, simplemente se recibir un nà ºmero de caso, lo cual es una informacià ³n muy importante que conviene guardar en lugar seguro y tener a mano para el dà ­a que sea necesario hacer averiguaciones sobre el caso.  ¿En quà © casos es posible solicitar esta confirmacià ³n de USCIS? Este servicio de peticià ³n de confirmacià ³n de recibo de documentacià ³n o aplicacià ³n sà ³lo puede solicitarse cuando el envà ­o se haya hecho a una de las siguientes ubicaciones del USCIS: Lewisville, TexasChicago, IllinoisPhoenix, Arizona En los dems casos se debe esperar por una carta en la que se notifica el nà ºmero de caso y ya se puede verificar su estatus como se indica ms abajo en este artà ­culo. Quà © hacer cundo no se recibe confirmacià ³n Siempre se puede llamar, en espaà ±ol o en inglà ©s, al telà ©fono del Centro Nacional de Servicio al Cliente al 1-800-375-5283. Es un telà ©fono gratuito en el que atienden de lunes a viernes de 8am a 6pm. Adems, si se est legalmente en Estados Unidos, se puede hacer una cita con el USCIS mediante el servicio de InfoPass. Cà ³mo saber el estatus de la tramitacià ³n del caso Una vez que se tiene confirmacià ³n de que el USCIS ha recibido la documentacià ³n, se puede verificar el estatus del caso siguiendo estas instrucciones. Dependiendo del tipo de caso es posible que durante un tiempo prolongado no se tengan noticias. Ello es asà ­ porque las tramitaciones de algunas solicitudes y peticiones se demoran por meses e incluso aà ±os. Todo depende de lo que se solicita y en quà © categorà ­a. Por eso es importante saber antes de aplicar aproximadamente cunto tiempo se estn demorando en la resolucià ³n de casos similares. Por ejemplo, se puede consultar cunto duran las peticiones de green card por razones familiares y otras demoras migratorias. Adems, se puede verificar en la pgina oficial del USCIS cunto tiempo se demora la tramitacià ³n, segà ºn la oficina encargada de resolver y teniendo en cuenta el tipo de peticià ³n –hay que saber la letra y el nà ºmero de la planilla con la que se inicià ³ el proceso–, y la categorà ­a. Informacià ³n importante a ser tenida en consideracià ³n Los datos de correo electrà ³nico y nà ºmero de telà ©fono celular pueden ser comunicados a otras agencias federales, estatales o locales. Incluso a gobiernos extranjeros. Adems, dentro de los parmetros fijados por la ley pueden comunicarse a las agencias de policà ­a. Y tambià ©n por causa de seguridad nacional. Este artà ­culo tiene un carcter meramente informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal para ningà ºn caso concreto.