Cb5 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cb5 - Assignment Example Therefore the behavior of the consumer is determined by the motivation he or she gets. need for self-actualization. The most basic and fundamental four levels of the pyramid comprise of deficiency needs as termed by Maslow, they include security, friendship and love, esteem, and physiological needs. If these needs are not met with the exemption of the essential physiological need, there might be no physical sign, but the person will feel tense and anxious. This theory proposes that the most essential needs should be met before the person strongly desires the higher level or secondary needs (Patrick, 2003). Consumer involvement is the degree of data processing or level of significance that a customer accords to a product. The level of involvement has a very important impact on the behavior of the consumer. High involvement purchasing decisions are always the dream of a marketer as in this level consumers as the buying decisions are informed and planned. This is because the buyer purchases the product since it is important to them, therefore he or she concentrates on the features and warranties, and the price is not an issue. However, low involvement buying decisions are those that are formulated without planning, and they come about if one spots a product and they impress them. To increase customer involvement, marketers should select the correct customers, select pilots that fit into the present culture and should be aware of what consumers look for in their products (Michaelidou & Dibb, 2008). The self-image comprises of three dissimilar dimensions, that is the real self, the ideal self, and the self-esteem. The self-esteem refers to the positivity to an individual’s self-concept. Marketing communications may influence the self-esteem of an individual. Low self-esteem is when a person thinks they cannot do a task while high self-esteem is the opposite and individuals may tend to think more of themselves. The

Communication Technology And Its Impact On Social Interaction Research Paper

Communication Technology And Its Impact On Social Interaction - Research Paper Example Employees spent most of their times on computers using emails to pass information from one part to the other, rather than with their fellow colleagues. With the concern of social welfare within a work field, communication technology has led to poor communication within the workers. In addition to this reduction of face-to-face social interaction, the level of social support and belief also goes down. As the result, it leads to an exceedingly poor worker-to-worker relationships.3 This is because most people prefer using emails on their personal computers rather than face to face communication. Social Networking sites, such as MySpace, Twitter and Facebook, have taken over social networking industries for the past few years. Both young and old people have become captives of this bubonic plague used differently by people to satisfy their needs. Some people use them as advertising sites, keeping in touch with friends and relatives and updating others on what is going on in others minds t o help reach out to the public. Yes, we are the members of these social networking sites, and we can not run from the truth. What concerns people most is the way this sites have got themselves involved in the use of emails. It is evident that even this sites use email to help reach their addressee, and they also have their web pages that can be accesed via Emails. With the sites, through either emails or information displayed in the emails, one has no way of confirming that the information posted on their walls is inaccurate. This is because individuals post what is in their minds. These posts are open to be seen by all of the people one befriends. The information posted might paint either a negative or positive... This essay stresses that diffusion innovation is theoretical perspective that focuses on the adoption of new ideas, practices and technologies. According to Rogers, perception about the attributes can facilitate the rate at which a new idea is adopted. To be specific, innovation is adopted by people with positive minds if they believe that they offer an advantage over what exists; if they are compatible with the potential users’ existing values, experience, and needs; if they are perceived as being fairly easy to understand and use; if users can try them before they commit to purchase; if users can easily observe their use. Communication channels only become effective if they are efficient and convey many different type of information such as visual, verbal and non-verbal. This paper makes a conclusion that as the technology changes, it creates a greater importance of work knowledge. Communities face varying experiences. Technology has undoubtedly shaped the social interactions of people. Thus, it is beneficial if we keep ourselves updated with the manifestations about the social interactions and create opportunities to interact with others, too. This is because the world is dynamic and we have to keep pace with it. It will be good if we try to look at both positive and negative effects of what we do over those social sites, especially via the use of emails, and focus on how technology affects us a whole since the technology can kill or build individuals’ dignity at places of work or any other place.

Meet Your Rep - Columbus, Ohio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Meet Your Rep - Columbus, Ohio - Essay Example As the representative for Ohio, he believes that proper delivery of education to the public is the way to deliver sustainable development. Pat Tiberi is a son of Italian immigrants and this means that his background is economically humble. According to his website, he and his siblings attended public school and this has created a passion for proper public education. However, even though he has these ideas, implementing such ideas is made harder because of the structure of the government, where the president’s office is the one that creates budget estimates and also indirectly controls the funding methods (GAO, 2012). Pat is a partisan politician and this may reflect in the way he looks at issues. Coming from a middleclass background may mean that he depends on sponsors for his political campaigns and this may also affect the way he represents the people. Campaign money from sponsors may mean that he is subject to manipulation by the sponsors and this may mean that he is not well focused or that he may support political causes just to satisfy the sponsors. This can be seen in his disagreement with the Obamacare health plan and support for Medicare even though years of history suggest that Medicare was not working to provide good healthcare to the people of the United States of America. GAO. (2012, September 25). An Overview of Federal Funding Levels and Selected Challenges. Retrieved February 07, 2013, from Grants to State and Local Governments:

Murder Mystery story Essay Example for Free

Murder Mystery story Essay This is also securing the readers perspective on Sherlock Holmes. All through the Speckled Band Sherlock Holmes displays his distinct ability to decipher the exact meaning of a situation. At the same time that Holmes is doing this, the reader becomes more and more confused about the situation in hand. This is where Conan Doyles first person narrative becomes crucial to the story. He uses Dr. Watson as a translator of Holmes genius. Watson helps the readers understand exactly whats going on and, in a way, puts their minds at ease. This is typical of Arthur Conan Doyle. He creates a psychological battle in the minds of the reader. He uses Holmes to create a trouble with interpretation of sequences past and to come and then simplifies it through Watson. This is what makes all Conan Doyles stories so brilliant for the reader. Conan Doyle uses Holmes to build up suspense with a possible flaw in Holmes brilliance when he declares that the committer of the crime is more cunning than himself. This is essential to the story. Holmes has been portrayed as the best detective in England up to this point and now he himself declares that he has been defeated. This creates extreme suspense for the reader. Also among Holmes abilities is his ability to disguise himself. He makes himself appear to be a person with distinct business at the Roylott estate. This fellow should think that we had come as architects or on some definite business. This adds to Holmes list of excellencies. He is now toying with the mind of the villain in order to accomplish he task he has been set. The unexpected ending. By the end of the Speckled band Doyle has created such suspense and confusion in the minds of the readers that they are waiting in dire anticipation to find out how it will end. The Speckled Band is, in fact, a poisonous snake native to India, the living place of Dr. Roylott for several years. Roylott used the snake to make its way through the ventilation and into the bedroom of Miss Stoner and poison her. No matter how intelligent the reader they would not have the ability to predict this ending. This is a classic ending because it surprises the reader and although the identity of the villain was obvious all the way through the story, it was never clear how he would have murdered his stepdaughter. This is again excellent writing by Conan Doyle. He builds up tension by repeating the events of the past death of Julia Stoner when Holmes re-enacts the sequences of that fateful night with Helen Stoner as a trap for Dr. Roylott. Arthur Conan Doyle uses vast imagery and description to keep the reader glued. It is with this imagery that he creates the tension and creates a sense of tragedy in the mind of the reader. The word black is repeated several times, and this gives a feeling of doom and imbalance. This, paired with nocturnal, silence, darkness and all the other words of sinister imagery creates more tension for the reader. It all builds up and gives the reader an incentive to carry on, to find out what will occur in the next sequence. All the way through there is a mysterious atmosphere and this only pushes the story further into the classic murder mystery genre. Everything down to he scenery and especially the buildings create a tense atmosphere. Conan Doyle wants to put a picture into the mind of the reader, such that they can almost see exactly they are reading about. Grey, lichen-blotched stone windows broken picture of ruin. All these are distinct factors of a house that can be picture in an infinite number of different ways for each individual reader. As this essay concludes the Speckled Band by sir Arthur Conan Doyle is a classic murder mystery story. All the criteria in the second paragraph have been fulfilled. There can be no argument that Sherlock Holmes is the greatest fictional detective in the whole of English literature and Arthur Conan Doyle is, without doubt, the most memorable writer of classic Murder Mystery stories up to the present day. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Conan Doyle section.

Study design report & analytical planning and data analysis Essay Example for Free

Study design report analytical planning and data analysis Essay Part 2 STUDY TWO (Open file 1. 2. sav dataset) RESEARCH QUESTIONS: Factors related to birth weight outcomes specifically for this study: 1. Are there differences between three birthweight groups in maternal lead level? 2. Is maternal age at first childbirth associated with birth weight? BACKGROUND: It has been suggested by previous research findings that maternal blood-lead levels as an environmental factor is an apparent predictor of low birth weight; another possible explanatory factor of low birth weight relates to the maternal age of the mother. This study aimed to explore relationships between maternal blood lead levels, and maternal age (at first childbirth) with any observed differences in birth weight as a pregnancy outcome. METHODS: Life style information, maternal blood lead levels measured by micrograms per decilitre ( µg/dl), age of mother (years) and infant birth weight (grams) was collected from 250 consecutive (first-time) mother-infant pairs from hospital delivery departments in four Brisbane hospitals. Pregnancy outcomes (weight) were verified by consulting medical records. Lead was determined by electro thermal atomic absorption spectrometry (Whole Blood). Birth weight was recoded into three classes: Low birth weight (2500g); Lower end of normal (2500-3000g) and Normal (3000g). Additional notes: Lead exposure adversely affects the cognitive development and behaviour of young children . Regarding ‘LEAD EXPOSURE IN PREGNANCY’, according to the Centre for Disease Control (CDC), the acceptable blood lead level is 10 ug/dL. US Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 1999. . Write an unambiguous analytical plan to address the research question/s in the box above. Please note that the data required for this question are located on file1. 2. 1. What are the variables involved in answering the research question/s, e. g. independent dependant variables; In the first research question, the independent variable is the maternal lead level, while the dependent variable is birth weight of the infants. In the second research question, the independent variable is the age of the mother at first childbirth and the dependent variable is birth weight. 2. What is their level of measurement (type); All variables considered in this study birth weight of the infants, age of the mother at first childbirth and maternal lead level are ratio variables. Ratio variables are those which are measured on a scale where the distance from one point to another means the same things wherever the measurement is made on the scale. This scale is also characterized to have a true zero point representing the absence of what is being measured (Statistical Glossary, 2007) 3. Write-up the scientific hypotheses that you want to test to address the research question/s; The following hypotheses, stated in the null form, were tested at a 0. 05 level of significance : a. There are no significant differences in the means of the maternal lead levels when the infants are grouped according to birthweight. b. There is no significant association between maternal age at first childbirth and the birthweight of infants. 4. What tables (numerical) and/or graphs would you use to summarise the associations once the data are collected and analysed? Provide ‘dummy’ tables and/or graphs with appropriate labels; The following tables summarize the associations revealed from the test of the first hypothesis. Table 1. Significant Differences in the Maternal Lead Levels When the Infants are Grouped According to Birthweight based on One-Way Analysis of Variance (? = 0. 05). Source of Variation Sum of Squares Degrees of freedom (df) Mean Square F-value p-value Remarks Between groups 42. 492 2 21. 246 4. 350 0. 014 Significant difference in at least one pair of means Within groups 1206. 255 247 4. 884 Total 1248. 747 249 Table 2. Mean differences and p-values in the Maternal Lead Levels Among the Three Groups of Infants using Bonferroni Post-hoc Analysis Infant Groups Mean differences in Maternal Lead Levels (I – J) p-value Remarks I J Low birthweight Lower end of normal birthweight 0. 5952 0. 645 No significant difference Normal birthweight -0. 3895 1. 000 No significant difference. Lower end of normal birthweight Low birthweight 0. 5952 0. 645 No significant difference Normal birthweight -0. 9848 0. 011 Maternal lead level Significantly Higher in normal weight infants Normal birthweight Low birthweight 0. 3895 1. 000 No significant difference Lower end of normal birthweight -0. 9848 0. 011 Maternal lead level Significantly Higher in normal weight infants The following tables summarize the associations revealed from the test of the second hypothesis. Table 3. Relationship Between Maternal Age at Childbirth and Birthweight of Infants (? = 0. 011) Variables Correlation. Coefficient p-value Remarks Maternal age of mothers at first childbith (independent) vs. Birthweight of infants (dependent) 0. 18 0. 004 There is significant slight correlation between maternal age of mothers at first childbirth and the birthweight of infants. 1 Hypothesis was tested using 0. 01 level of significance. Results of the test of hypothesis that â€Å"There is no significant association between maternal age at first childbirth and the birthweight of infants† is shown in Table 3. 5. Provide a statement of the statistical test(s) that will be appropriate to test the hypotheses; To test the hypothesis that â€Å"There are no significant differences in the means of the maternal lead levels when the infants are grouped according to birthweight†, the best statistical treatment to use is one way Analysis of Variance ANOVA at a 0. 05 level of significance. When the computed p-value, which for this study is 0. 014 is less than the level of significance, which is 0. 05, there is significant difference in at least one pair of means. To evaluate, which of the means differed, a post-hoc analysis is conducted. Since there are only three groups, the conservative Bonferroni multiple comparisons test is applied. P-values from the post hoc analysis indicate which of the pairs of mean differed. To determine which of the two means that differed is actually higher, either the descriptives which shows the means of the groups or the mean difference in post-hoc analysis results may be used. To test the hypothesis that â€Å"There is no significant association between maternal age at first childbirth and the birthweight of infants† correlation analysis is employed at a 0. 01 level of significance. The resulting value of the correlation coefficient was interpreted using the following table : Table 4. Interpretation of Pearson’s Coefficient of Correlation (Monzon-Ybanez, 1997) Coefficient Range Interpretation 0. 00  ± 0. 20  ± 0. 20  ± 0. 40  ± 0. 40  ± 0. 70  ± 0. 70  ± 0. 90  ± 0. 90  ± 1. 00 Slight correlation; almost negligible relationship Low correlation; small relationship Moderate correlation; relationship substantial High correlation; marked relationship Very high correlation; Very dependable relationship Correlation is significant if the p-value generated is less than the specified level of significance. 6. Provide a list of assumptions that will need to be met to apply the test(s) validly; To validly apply ANOVA, the following assumptions must be satisfied : the distribution of the data to be analysed should be normal and there should be homogeneity of variance. Normality may be simply checked using Q-Q plots or with statistical tests like Kolmogorov-Smirnov or Shapiro Wilk. Homogeneity of variance is verified using Levene’s test (Becker, 1999). In a correlation analysis, relationship between the independent and dependent variables are supposed to be concurrent, or in other words, both variables are in the same time frame (Jensen, 2005). 7. Provide a statement of the levels of significance, that you will use to test each hypothesis; The hypothesis that â€Å"There are no significant differences in the means of the maternal lead levels when the infants are grouped according to birthweight† was tested at a level of significance (? ) of 0. 05. The hypothesis that â€Å"There is no significant association between maternal age at first childbirth and the birthweight of infants† was tested at a level of significance (? ) of 0. 01. 8. Finally, provide a sentence or two that you would present to the researchers to explain the results at both a descriptive (univariate) and inference (bivariate) level. Results of a one-way Analysis of Variance revealed a significant difference in the maternal lead levels among the three groups of infants grouped according to birth weight, with an F-value of 4. 350 and a p-value of 0. 014. Post hoc analysis via Bonferroni multiple comparisons test suggested that the mean of maternal lead levels of the group of infants with normal birthweight (4. 4052  ± 2. 37333) are significantly higher (p=0. 011) than the mean of maternal lead levels of the group of infants at the lower end of the normal birthweight (3. 4214  ± 1. 55170). No significant differences were noted on the other pairs of means. On the other hand, a correlation analysis performed at 0. 01 level of significance implied significant slight correlation (Pearson r = 0. 18, p-value=0. 004) between maternal age at first childbirth (32. 11  ± 5. 274) and birthweight of infants (3204. 47  ±620. 986). References Becker, L. (1999, July 7). Explore: Assumption testing for ANOVA.Retrieved April 11, 2008, from The University of Colorado at Colorado Springs: http://web. uccs. edu/ lbecker/spss80/explore2. htm. Jensen, A. (2005, August 10). Correlation Analysis. Retrieved April 10, 2008, from California State University, Sacramento: http://www. csus. edu/indiv/j/jensena/ mgmt105/correl01. htm. Monzon-Ybanez, L. (1997). Basic Statistics. Quezon City, Philippines : Phoenix Press, Inc. Statistical Glossary. (2007). Retrieved April 10, 2008, from http://www. statistics. com/resources/glossary/r/ratioscale. php. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. (2006). Version 11. 0. [CD-ROM] Chicago, Illinois.

Compare And Contrast Aristotle And Platos Political Theories Philosophy Essay

Compare And Contrast Aristotle And Platos Political Theories Philosophy Essay Plato, student of Socrates, and Aristotle, student of Plato, two of the most influential philosophers to have ever walked the earth, take two completely different approaches whilst talking about the formation of city states and epistemology itself. Plato primarily defined the nature of things in theoretical terms through metaphysics, in contrast to actual terms. Thus by looking to the higher forms he aimed to explain the function of existing knowledge and understandings in the search for the absolute truth. On the other hand Aristotle was more concerned with the actual physical features of nature, for the most part the Natural Sciences. The foremost divisions can be seen in the contrasting opinions between them primarily concerning eternal ideas, forms and causes and their relation to change, and the role of observing and explaining through the utilisation of the senses. Through their different approaches regarding the nature of man, both Plato and Aristotle sought to explain the rel ationship between the individual and society and furthermore the requirement of government to uphold order and stability. Platos ideal city-state, which he refers to in his dialogue in the Republic as the kallipolis, and Aristotles concept of the ideal relationship between the social order and government in an actual city state are contrasting not with regards to the end and purpose which they sought to fulfil, the telos, but instead over the proposed way in which they sought to meet that telos. These differing objections can be explained by the abstract and theoretical ideologies of Plato contrasting and clashing with Aristotles scientific and actual ideologies. To be able to further understand and contest the parameters of Platos kallipolis, we must first seek to understand the bare foundations of Platos theoretical ideology. At the origins of mans search for knowledge is the Theory of Forms that states that every single material thing is in fact a representation of the real thing: the form. Most people are actually unable to see the forms, merely the representation of the form, the shadow. This is how Plato makes a distinction between the material world that us humans live in and the ideal world of eternal forms. His world of forms is not a different reality, but instead an outline by which material objects are created. This can be seen most prominently in Platos Parable of the Cave from book VII of The Republic. Â   Behold! human beings living in an underground den, which has a mouth open towards the light; here these people have been from their childhood, and have their legs and necks chained so that they cannot move, and can only see before them, being prevented by the chains from turning their heads. Above and behind them a fire is blazing at a distance, and between the fire and the prisoners there is a raised walk; and you will see, if you look a low wall built along the walk, like the screen which marionette players have in front of them, over which they show the puppets.'(514A-B The Republic) The prisoners watch the shadows projected on the wall and begin to attribute forms to these shadows, the shadows are as close to viewing reality that these ordinary men will get to viewing reality. He then goes on to say that a philosopher is much like a prisoner who freed from the cave comes to realise and understand that in fact the shadows on the cave wall are not constitutive of reality at all, for they are now able to recognize the true form of reality instead of the simple shadows that the prisoners see. From this Plato explains that our senses cannot be trusted when observing and goes on to conclude that the only way of realising absolute truth is through reason. This ability to recognise and understand the true forms of things is the central concept that establishes who holds the ruling powers in his kallipolis. After having determined that it was in fact possible to form an ideal city state, Plato then looks to chose a government that would rule both justly and firmly. Firstly he discusses the reasons for which people would desire to form a state and keep within its rules. Plato states that it is not the desire of man to form a state, instead it is an inevitable need of man, for man is not self sufficient and therefore needs to live in an organised society, and that each person has a natural talent for a certain area of work and should seek to develop it further for the benefit of the state. Plato embodies the natural inequality of humanity, the origin of the state, in the division of labour. Well then, how will our state supply these needs? It will need a farmer, a builder, and a weaver, and also, I think, a shoemaker and one or two others to provide for our bodily needs. So that the minimum state would consist of four or five men. (369d The Republic) He then goeson to say that the necessity to divide labour with accordance to specializations was prescribed by nature rather than decided by man. Because Platos state is based almost entirely on abstract ideas of both knowledge and nature, his approach to politics and government itself is more theoretical than actual. Therefore if a city seeks to uphold stability it must be ruled by those that are in possession of true knowledge, philosopher kings. Aristotle has objections to the very foundation of Platos kallipolis. Due to his more grounded approach more actual than theoretical in nature, Aristotle argues that man does not seek to make a state simply because it is essential due to man not being self sufficient, instead it is because of an innate instinct. He goes on to argue that the state in fact existed in nature before it was discovered by man, and that a human being is by nature a political animal, and anyone who is without a city-state'(1253a Politics)is not a man. Even in mans most primitive form, mans nature forces him to realise his role within a given city, or polis. It is in fact mans self preservation instincts that directs to the organization of the masses, attempting to avoid conflict. Thus politics through a formal government was a means by which to resist chaos: it is not as Plato believes a thing of forms, rather it is an innate instinct of man. Platos kallipolis had within it ideas of a strong unified community and conformity. Aristotle states that Platos assumption that the people can be as unified as he believes they must be in his kallipolis is entirely unrealistic. He rejects complete uniformity and conformity, describing the potential dangers in terms of the relationships between the state and the household, and the household and the individual, arguing that the more uniform a city state is, the more it will resemble a household and eventually even an individual. He goes on to conclude that a city-state is not a natural unity in the way some people say it is, and that what has been alleged to be the greatest good for the city-states destroys them. (Politics 1261b). When man is responsible for his own crops and home within a community, the effort and pride placed into the upkeep of them is massive. However in a community where there are a lot of shared goods very little effort is put in, because the thought that someon e else is attending to it makes them neglect it the more (Politics 1261b 30) and ultimately the city state is reliant upon a broad variety of people and services. The differences between Plato and Aristotles ways which they select their governments rullers an be attributed in part to Aristotles outright rebuffal of the kallipolis. Plato states that for a city to be ideal it has to be just and good, and that goodcan only be realised if the city is lead by people able to see the true forms of things and understand true knowledge. Ultimately philosophers must become kings, or kings must become philosophers, known as the guardian class. The rules selected by these guardian kings would be enforced by the Auxiliaries class, men of courage and intelligence, whilst the majority of people would make up the lower end of society, the producer class. His kallipolis is best described as an aristocracy, something Aristotle greatly disagrees with as he rejects the idea that those elite few with absolute truth will be the rulers of governments. Aristotle instead seeks to create a perfect relationship between the government and social order, looking most prolifically at balance when determining where the power of government would lie, whether it be in the hands of few or the masses. First he looked at whether or not the proposed leaders would govern for their own self interests or for good of the polis, separating the candidates into the three parts of the city state: the very rich, the very poor; and , third, those in between these. (Politics 295b) Aristotle determined that the poor do not know how to rule, but only how to be ruled in the way slaves are ruled'(Politics 295b) and that the rich do not know how to be ruled in any way, but only know how to rule as masters rule. (Politics 295b) Aristotle then goes on to determine that the middle class should form the ruling body because it reduces the chances of divisions because the middle do not desire other peoples property as the poor do, nor do other people desire theirsAnd because they are neither plotted against nor engage in plotting. (Politics 295b). Comparing the two proposed city states and governments it is clear that there is more to Aristotles objections to the parable of the cave: it is not just regarding the matter of the elite few being masters of the slaves that are the masses, but how the actual power is obtained. Plato believed that man could achieve absolute truth only by consideration of the eternal forms, not through observations and experiences. Aristotle instead shifted away from this view and instead used observations and experiences to pursue his goal of achieving knowledge. Famously Aristotle is thought of as the father of biology, his great encyclopaedia of knowledge and observations still influence the academics of today. Because the world is constantly changing, Aristotle determined that absolute knowledge is not possible, a stark contrast to Platos views, believing that through observing the material things, one could understand its underlying form. I personally believe that Aristotles way of viewing things is more effective simply because it is more realistic and down to earth, he is not always thinking of hypothetical forms like Plato, instead he is observing their real embodiments and coming to conclusions.

Periodic Table Trend Anomalies

Periodic Table Trend Anomalies Abstract: Atomic radius is the physical size of an atom while ionization energy is the energy required to completely pull one electron away from an atom. When it comes to the periodic table, there are accepted periodic trends for both atomic radius and ionization energy. However, there are some instances in which certain elements do not follow the predetermined periodic trends. These are areas in which trend anomalies occur. On the attached graph, four such anomalies are circled, but only three will be discussed: anomaly #2, anomaly #3, and anomaly #4. The purpose of this report is to explain what about these specified regions is unpredictable, and give a concise reasoning, in relation to electron configuration, as to why the anomalies occur. Ionization Energy: The general trend for ionization energy is that it increases up a group and also increases from left to right. Due to the fact that the elements involved in the anomalies appear consecutively on the periodic table, the left to right trend will be given focus. The reasoning for theis trend is dependent upon the Zeff. The Zeff increases concurrently with the number of protons in an atoms nucleus. The more protons in a nucleus, the more attraction there is between the individual electrons and the nucleus which in turn means a larger Zeff.The higher the Zeff, the closer the electrons are held to the nucleus and therefore, the more energy is required to separate those electrons from the atom. However, in some cases this trend does not apply to certain elements. The following anomalies occur with respect to the trend of ionization energy on the periodic table of elements: Anomaly #2: Elements 7 8 The second anomaly found on the graph occurs at elements 7 and 8, Nitrogen and Oxygen. On the periodic table Nitrogen is element 7, indicating that is has 7 protons in its nucleus while Oxygen is element 8, indicating that is has 8 protons in its nucleus. Due to the fact that Oxygen has a larger number of protons in its nucleus, it should also have a larger Zeff. The larger Zeff means that there should be a greater attraction between the nucleus and the electrons, giving Oxygen a higher ionization energy than Nitrogen. This, however, is not the case. In fact, Nitrogen has a higher ionization energy that Oxygen. To understand why this occurs, the electron configurations of both elements should be taken into account. Nitrogen has an electron configuration of 1s22s22p3 while Oxygen has an electron configuration of 1s22s22p4. Nitrogens p-orbital is exactly half full, with having 3 of a potential 6 electrons present. This configuration is considered to be a more stable one because there is an equal exchange of energies between the electrons of the 2p-orbital. This configuration is also considered to be more stable than the configuration of Oxygen, which has 4 electrons, more than half, in its p-orbital (Boudreaux, 2017). The increased stability of Nitrogen means that it takes more energy to pull electrons from its orbit than it does to pull electrons from the less stable Oxygen (Woodward, 2017). This kind of anomaly also occurs at elements 15 and 16, Phosphorous and Sulfur. The two elements are in the same periodic groups as Oxygen and Nitrogen. Like Nitrogen, Phosphorous has an exactly half full p-orbital, with 3 out of 6 possible electrons. Sulfur however, has a p-orbital with 4 electrons. Like Nitrogen, Phosphorous is considered to have a more stable configuration because the energy levels in the p-orbital are distributed evenly, while the energy levels in the p-orbital of Sulfur are not. Due to this increased stability in takes more energy to pull electrons from Phosphorous than it does for Sulfur, just as it does nor Nitrogen and Oxygen, despite the fact that the periodic trend for ionization energy would predict the exact opposite. Anomaly #3: Elements 45-50 The third anomaly on the graph occurs from elements 45 to 50; Rhodium, Palladium, Silver, Cadmium, Indium, and Tin.ÂÂ   Based on the periodic trend for ionization energy, the ionization energy should gradually increase as the graph goes from element 45, Rhodium, to element 50, Tin. This should occur because each consecutive element has more protons in its nucleus than the last, meaning a larger Zeff and by extension, a larger ionization energy. This does not occur though. Instead, starting at Rhodium, the elements follow and up, down, up, down pattern with Rhodium and Tin marking the ending and the re-starting of the regular pattern, respectively. To better understand why this anomaly occurs the following table should be taken into consideration: Atomic Number Element Electron Configuration 45 Rhodium 5s14d8 46 Palladium 4d10 47 Silver 5s14d10 48 Cadmium 5s24d10 49 Indium 5s25p1 50 Tin 5s25p2 As previously stated these elements form a pattern that goes up, down, up, down with Rhodium marking the end of the previously regular trend and Tin marking the re-start of that trend. The first element that shoots up in ionization energy is Palladium. Palladium has a much larger ionization energy than Rhodium. This is because Palladium has a full d-orbital while Rhodium does not. Palladiums full d-orbital makes it a more stable element, because its valence orbital is satisfied, than Rhodium therefore, it takes more energy to pull electrons from Palladiums orbit than it does to pull them from Rhodiums. Silvers ionization energy it much lower than Palladiums however, and it is the first of the elements to go down in the pattern. While Silver does have a full d-orbital, it also has a half full s-orbital. Due to the fact that there is a half full s-orbital, Silvers orbitals are no longer satisfied. Palladium, however, still has a full d-orbital, with no electrons in the s-orbital, makin g it the more stable configuration. Once again, Palladium has the larger ionization energy because it is considered to have a more stable configuration, and it takes more energy to pull electrons from its orbit than it does for Silver. After Silver comes Cadmium. Cadmium is the second up element in the pattern. While both of the elements, Silver and Cadmium, have full d-orbitals, Cadmium also has a full s-orbital. Due to the fact that Cadmium has both s and d-orbitals full it is considered to have a more stable configuration than Silver, explaining why Cadmium has a much larger ionization energy that Silver does. The next element to go down in the pattern is Indium. Cadmium is an extremely stable element because both its s and d-orbitals are full. Indium, however, has only 1 electron in its p-orbital making it a much less stable configuration than that of Cadmium (Barrens, 2007). Due to the fact that Indium is much less stable than Cadmium, it takes less energy to pull electrons from its orbit, giving reason to why Cadmium has a much larger ionization energy than Indium. The last element in the pattern, Tin, marks the re-start of the general ionization energy trend. Even though the electron configuration of Indium and Tin are very similar, Indium only has 1 electron in its p-orbital while Tin has 2. Despite the fact that the elements have similar configurations Tin is still considered to be a more stable element and therefore it has a larger ionization energy than Indium. After Tin, the accepted trend for ionization energy begins again. In relation to the huge jump in ionization energy between Cadmium and Indium, Zinc and Gallium also demonstrate the same kind of jump. Zinc and Gallium are in the same periodic groups as Cadmium and Indium. Zinc has an electron configuration of 4s23d10 while Gallium has an electron configuration of 4s24p1. Once again, Zinc`s 4s and 3d-orbitals are full, meaning it has a more stable configuration then Gallium, explaining why it has a high ionization energy. It should also be noted that the big drop in ionization energy occurs when a new subshell starts. The starting of a new subshell decreases the stability of an atoms configuration, making it easier to pull electrons from the orbit of that atom (Wiberg Wiberg, 2001). Atomic Radius: The accepted periodic trend for atomic radius is as follows: atomic radius increases down a group as well as from right to left on the periodic table. Due to the fact that the elements involved in the anomalies appear side by side on the table, focus will be given to the right to left trend. Atomic radii decrease from left to right due to the fact that effective nuclear charge, Zeff, increases from left to right. The Zeff is the overall pull an electron feels from the nucleus; the greater the attraction between the nucleus and the electrons, the greater the Zeff. This means that as the number of protons in the nucleus increases, so does the Zeff because there is a greater attraction between the nucleus and the individual electrons. The greater the pull of the electrons to the nucleus the smaller the atomic radius. This trend, however, is not always followed. The following anomaly occurs with respect to the trend for atomic radius on the periodic table of elements: Anomaly #4: Elements 58 to 72 First Row Inner-transition Metals This anomaly occurs from element 58 to 71, Cerium to Hafnium. Based on the trend explained above, the atomic radius for these elements should increase from Hafnium to Cerium due to the fact that each element, going backwards, has less protons in its nucleus than the last, therefore, having a smaller Zeff. This, however, does not occur and instead the graph shows the inner-transition metals to have almost or exactly the same atomic radii. This anomaly occurs due to what is called Lanthanoid contraction. To understand this anomaly the electron configuration of these elements must be taken into consideration. All of these elements have a 4f-orbital, which makes them unique (NCERT, 2017). Typically, atomic radius tends to decrease when moving from left to right on the periodic table because there is room for more electrons in the existing energy levels.ÂÂ   When more electrons are added to these energy levels atomic radius tends to get smaller because the additional protons attract the electrons more, and pull the outer shell of electrons closer to the nucleus. This does not happen with electrons in the f-orbitals though. Instead of electrons being added to the outer shell of the atom, electrons are added to an inner-shell where f-orbital elements are concerned (Wicks, 2015). This causes a shielding effect. The shielding effect occurs when the inner-shell electrons shield the outer-shell electrons from the full magn itude of the nuclear charge, or attraction to the nucleus (Bains, 2014). This shielding effect is Lanthanoid contraction.ÂÂ   In elements 58 to 71, Lanthanoid contraction causes the 4f electrons to shield each other from their attraction to the nucleus. Due to the fact that these elements do not feel the full attraction of the nucleus the atomic radius does not increase a large amount. This explains why the inner-transition metals have atomic radii that are very similar, and do not differ very much in magnitude (Encyclopedia, 2011). References Bains, Amrit. (2014). Lanthanide Contraction. Retrieved from Chemistry LibreTexts: https://chem.libretexts.org/Core/Inorganic_Chemistry/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Lanthanides/aLanthanides%3A_Properties_and_Reactions/Lanthanide_Contraction Barrens, Richard. (2007). Zinc and Gallium Ionization Energy . Retrieved from Students` Technical Activities Body : https://stab-iitb.org/newton-mirror/askasci/chem07/chem07038.htm Boudreaux, Kevin. (2017). Periodic Trends Ionization Energy. Retrieved from Angelo State University: https://www.angelo.edu/faculty/kboudrea/periodic/trends_ionization_energy.htm Britannica Encyclopedia. (2011). Lanthanois Contraction . Retrieved from Britannica Encyclopedia : https://www.britannica.com/science/lanthanoid-contraction NCERT (National Council for Edication and Training). (2017). The d- and f- block Elements. Retrieved from National Council for Education and Training : http://ncert.nic.in/ncerts/l/lech108.pdf Wiberg, Egon., Wiberg, Nils. (2001). Inorganic Chemistry. In E. Wiberg, N. Wiberg, Inorganic Chemistry (p. 1306). San Diego: Academic Press. Wicks, Kurt. (2015). Exceptions to the General Trend for Atomic Radius. Retrieved from Chemistry Lecture Notes: http://www.chemistrylecturenotes.com/html/exceptions_to_the_general_tren.html Woodward, Pat. (2017). Ionization Energy . Retrieved from Ohio State University : http://cbc-wb01x.chemistry.ohio-state.edu/~woodward/ch121/ch7_ie.htm